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alt="trait" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="25"></td>             <td width="85"><p align="center"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=243&niv=3"><font face="Arial" size="1"><b>les rfrences</b></font></a></td>             <td width="20"><img src="../images/logos/trait.gif" alt="trait" WIDTH="20" HEIGHT="25"></td>             <td width="122"><p align="center"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=243&niv=4"><font face="Arial" size="1"><b>la version imprimable</b></font></a></td>           </tr>         </table>         </td>         <td width="5" height="15"></td>         <td width="120" height="15"></td>       </tr>     </table>     <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="642">       <tr>         <td width="20" height="30"></td>         <td width="370" height="30"></td>         <td width="52" height="30"></td>         <td width="180" height="30"></td>         <td width="20" height="30"></td>       </tr>       <tr>         <td width="20"></td>         <td width="370" valign="top"><p align="left"><font face="Tahoma" size="5" color="#535353">Gnome 007</font></td>         <td width="52"></td>         <td width="180" rowspan="3"></td>         <td width="20"></td>       </tr>       <tr>         <td width="20" height="30"></td>         <td width="370" valign="top" height="30"></td>         <td width="52" height="30"></td>         <td width="20" height="30"></td>       </tr>       <tr>         <td width="20"></td>         <td width="370" valign="top"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#FF8000">Des chercheurs amricains ont russi  utiliser l'ADN pour transmettre des messages secrets.</font></td>         <td width="52"></td>         <td width="20"></td>       </tr>       <tr>         <td width="20" height="20"></td>         <td width="370" valign="top" height="20"></td>         <td width="52" height="20"></td>         <td width="180" valign="top" height="20"></td>         <td width="20" height="20"></td>       </tr>       <tr>         <td width="20"></td>         <td width="370"><p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#535353"><p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><img src="../images/lettrines/l.gif" width="27" height="29" alt="L" align="left">'ADN pourrait bientt faire partie de la panoplie du parfait espion. Des chercheurs de la Mount Sinai School of Medicine,  New York, viennent de crer des micropoints dans lesquels a t cach un message  base d'ADN. Perdu au milieu d'un gnome plus important, il serait alors particulirement difficile  dceler.</p>  <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Utiliss par les espions allemands durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les micropoints font appel  la stganographie, l'art de camoufler un message. Ils consistent en fait en une photographie extrmement rduite de l'information crite  transmettre place sur un signe de ponctuation dans une missive anodine.</p>  <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Catherine Taylor Clelland, Viviana Risca et Carter Bancroft du dpartement de Physiologie et Biophysique de la MSSM ont franchi un nouveau pas dans l'utilisation de cette technique. Ils ont imagin un message cod par une squence de nuclotides, chaque triplet de bases dsignant une lettre de l'alphabet. Flanqu d'une amorce connue seulement du destinataire, ce morceau d'ADN pourrait ensuite tre amplifi par PCR (cf. encadr) puis squenc afin d'tre dcrypt. Pour corser le tout, les trois chercheurs ont propos de mlanger le message cod  de l'ADN dnatur. Contenant prs de trois milliards de paires de nuclotides, le gnome humain constitue le parfait camouflage. Car mme si un ennemi quelconque reprait le micropoint, il lui serait virtuellement impossible de lire le message sans connatre l'amorce utilise pour l'amplification. Si cette dernire comprenait vingt bases alatoires, il lui faudrait en effet raliser puis analyser quelque 10<sup>20 </sup>PCR diffrentes. Enfin, il serait galement possible de crer des "diversions"  l'aide de gnomes non humains.</p>  <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Afin d'tudier la faisabilit de leur thorie, les trois chercheurs amricains ont cr un message secret en synthtisant un brin d'ADN de 69 nuclotides flanqu de deux amorces de PCR de 20 nuclotides. Mlange en quantits variables  de l'ADN humain dnatur, la squence a ensuite t place sur un point imprim sur du papier filtre.</p>  <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><i>"Les amorces ont t conues pour amplifier le message secret directement sur le micropoint sans solubilisation pralable</i>, indiquent les auteurs des travaux. <i>Le produit peut alors tre analys par lectrophorse."</i> Les expriences ralises sur le message de 69 nuclotides ont montr que l'amplification tait ncessaire et qu'il existait une limite de dtection d'une copie par gnome haplode. <i>"Aprs avoir choisi puis squenc la bande amplifie la plus claire, nous avons utilis la cl de dcryptage</i>, ajoutent les trois chercheurs. <i>Nous avons alors obtenu le texte initialement cod  </i>June 6 invasion : Normandy.<i>"</i> Selon leurs premiers tests, les micropoints contenant 100 copies par gnome haplode du message colls sur des lettres puis envoys par courrier dans tous les Etats-Unis ont pu tre dcods facilement. Preuve que l'ADN pourrait maintenant servir aux James Bond de la plante.</p></font></td>         <td width="52"></td>         <td width="180" valign="top"><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#000050"><b>Biophysique</b><br>         10 juin 1999</font><p>&nbsp;</p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#535353"><b><u>Les autres articles</u></b></font></p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#004D00"><b>Sc. de la Nature</b></font><br>         <font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=789" style="text-decoration:none;">Mle ou femelle, un oiseau a choisi les deux !</a></font></p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#2D0977"><b>Espace</b></font><br>         <font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=786" style="text-decoration:none;">Atmosphre sous influence</a></font></p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#713800"><b>Sc. de l'Homme</b></font><br>         <font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=781" style="text-decoration:none;">C'est le gne qui fait l'hominid</a></font></p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#A600BD"><b>Sc. de la Vie &amp; Sant</b></font><br>         <font face="Arial" size="1"><a href="articles_aff.php3?Ref=793" style="text-decoration:none;">Le SRAS fait de la rsistance</a></font></p>         <p><font face="Arial" size="2" color="#0000AA"><b>Maths &amp; Sc. 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