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<a href="/hebdo/index.html">L'Hebdo</a> &gt; Politique<!-- === /navigationstrip === --><br> 						<br> 					</nobr><!-- === zonetexte === --><img src="/modeles/interface/hebdo/bandeau_politique.gif" width="502" height="25" border="0" alt="politique"><br> 					<br> 					<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="502"> 						<tr> 							<td width="344" valign="top" align="left"><img src="/modeles/interface/hebdo/fleche.gif" width="10" height="12" border="0"><span class="surtitrerouge">Zoom politique<br> 								</span><span class="titre">L&#146;islam est-il soluble dans la d&eacute;mocratie?</span> 								<p><a href="#Anchor-NON-3800">NON</a></p> 								<p><a href="#Anchor-OUI-35326">OUI</a></p> 								<hr noshade size="1"> 								 								Par <a href="mailto:p-a.stauffer@ringier.ch">Pierre-Andr&eacute; Stauffer</a> et <a href="mailto:michel.beuret@ringier.ch">Michel Beuret</a><br> 								Le 18 octobre 2001	 								<hr noshade size="1"> 								<a name="Anchor-NON-3800"></a><span class="gras">NON</span>  								<p>Vous pouvez regarder n&#146;importe o&ugrave; sur la carte du monde, remonter dans l&#146;histoire aussi loin que vous voulez, la d&eacute;mocratie n&#146;a jamais exist&eacute; en terre d&#146;Islam. Et les droits de l&#146;homme comme droits de l&#146;individu n&#146;ont jamais &eacute;t&eacute; reconnus. &laquo;La l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; dont se r&eacute;clament les diff&eacute;rents r&eacute;gimes politiques est incapable de penser le destin des individus en dehors du destin collectif&raquo;, dit Jacques Rollet. Dans le monde musulman, l&#146;individu est litt&eacute;ralement &laquo;englouti&raquo; dans la famille, qui est une famille au sens large, une tribu, un pays, un Etat, une religion. La d&eacute;mocratie? Elle vient d&#146;ailleurs, d&#146;un monde &eacute;tranger, d&#146;un monde hostile, d&#146;un monde la&iuml;c. </p> 								<p>Car la d&eacute;mocratie, par nature, &laquo;est une conception la&iuml;que du pouvoir&raquo;, admet l&#146;historien tunisien Mohammed Talbi. Le peuple exerce sa souverainet&eacute; sans ing&eacute;rences ext&eacute;rieures, c&#146;est-&agrave;-dire sans ing&eacute;rence, directe en tout cas, de l&#146;Eglise. Il est vrai qu&#146;en Occident, la vocation de l&#146;Eglise catholique a toujours &eacute;t&eacute; de lutter contre la la&iuml;cisation. Mais l&#146;Eglise , depuis longtemps, a perdu la partie. C&#146;est ce qu&#146;on appelle la &laquo;s&eacute;cularisation&raquo;, mouvement mis en branle, paradoxalement, par le christianisme lui-m&ecirc;me, &laquo;religion de la sortie de la religion&raquo;, selon le philosophe et historien fran&ccedil;ais Marcel Gauchet. Dans l&#146;Ancien Testament d&eacute;j&agrave;, Dieu est distinct du monde qu&#146;il cr&eacute;e; rien ne pr&eacute;existe &agrave; son acte. S&eacute;cularisation confirm&eacute;e dans le Nouveau Testament par l&#146;incarnation du Christ. &laquo;Le Fils de Dieu se faisant homme, fait de la vie humaine une r&eacute;ponse libre au Dieu P&egrave;re&raquo;, dit Jacques Rollet. De ce point de vue, la diff&eacute;rence entre christianisme et islam est fondamentale. Alors que le christianisme s&eacute;pare clairement transcendance et cr&eacute;ation, Dieu et histoire, autorit&eacute; divine et pouvoir politique, &laquo;rendez &agrave; C&eacute;sar ce qui est &agrave; C&eacute;sar et &agrave; Dieu ce qui est &agrave; Dieu&raquo;, l&#146;islam r&eacute;duit l&#146;espace du politique &agrave; l&#146;acceptation de la loi divine. L&#146;umma, la communaut&eacute; des croyants, est une, &agrave; la fois communaut&eacute; sociale, militaire, religieuse. Et surtout politique. Dans la cit&eacute; de Dieu musulmane, dit Jacques Rollet, &laquo;le militantisme politique s&#146;impose comme obligation du croyant&raquo;. </p> 								<p>(P.-A. S.)</p> 								<p><a name="Anchor-OUI-35326"></a><span class="gras">OUI</span></p> 								<p>&laquo;L&#146;islam permet la souverainet&eacute; populaire, assure Fran&ccedil;ois Burgat, chercheur au CNRS et sp&eacute;cialiste de l&#146;islamisme. Il le fait certes sans invoquer le droit naturel mais le r&eacute;sultat peut &ecirc;tre extr&ecirc;mement proche.&raquo; Ce qui pervertit la recherche de convergence entre les deux logiques &#150; musulmane et occidentale &#150; c&#146;est qu&#146;aux termes de d&eacute;mocratie, la&iuml;cit&eacute;, droits de l&#146;homme, les islamistes opposent &laquo;choura&raquo; (consultation), charia (loi islamique), qui &laquo;sont devenus des marqueurs identitaires&raquo;. Les Occidentaux affrontent une r&eacute;action d&#146;autant plus vive que ces valeurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; partiellement impos&eacute;es par la colonisation dans une offensive id&eacute;ologique qui, au XIXe si&egrave;cle, a d&eacute;nigr&eacute; la civilisation musulmane, d&eacute;j&agrave; sur le d&eacute;clin.</p> 								<p>Aujourd&#146;hui, l&#146;islamisme violent est aussi un &eacute;cho aux r&eacute;gimes arabes qui ont confisqu&eacute; le pouvoir apr&egrave;s les ind&eacute;pendances et ne laissent aucun espace au d&eacute;bat politique et id&eacute;ologique. L&#146;injustice s&#146;est perp&eacute;tu&eacute;e. Et le d&eacute;bat aliment&eacute; par l&#146;opposition est rel&eacute;gu&eacute; dans les mosqu&eacute;es.</p> 								<p>Outre l&#146;agitation islamiste et fondamentaliste, l&#146;islam a su d&eacute;velopper au long de son histoire un r&eacute;formisme lib&eacute;ral inspir&eacute; par l&#146;Occident. Mehmet Ali (1769-1849) a peut-&ecirc;tre &eacute;t&eacute; le premier chef d&#146;Etat musulman la&iuml;ciste en d&eacute;clarant qu&#146;en Egypte d&eacute;sormais, &laquo;il n&#146;y a plus ni musulmans, ni juifs ni chr&eacute;tiens, mais des Egyptiens&raquo;. Et tout au long du XIXe si&egrave;cle, &laquo;les r&eacute;formateurs musulmans n&#146;ont cess&eacute; de pr&ocirc;ner une mise &agrave; jour de la tradition coranique&raquo;, rappelle Paul Balta, journaliste et islamologue. Ainsi, le penseur &eacute;gyptien Fouad Zakariya &laquo;soutient que l&#146;islam n&#146;est rien d&#146;autre que ce qu&#146;en font les musulmans&raquo; qui doivent choisir entre l&#146;islamisme autoritaire et l&#146;option la&iuml;que. Beaucoup ont fait le second choix, comme le math&eacute;maticien syrien et auteur Mohamed Chahrour, qui r&eacute;sume sa pens&eacute;e ainsi: &laquo;Pas la peine de chercher dans la tradition islamique un quelconque droit constitutionnel, il appartient aux musulmans aujourd&#146;hui de l&#146;inventer&raquo;. 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