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style='tab-interval:35.4pt'>  <div class=Section1>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 bgcolor="#f3f3f3" style='background:  #F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt'>   <p align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><a   href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/index.htm#Top"><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'>Accueil</span></a><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:   18.0pt'> / </span><a   href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/TableMat.htm#Top"><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'>Dictionnaire</span></a><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'> / </span><a   href="http://www.multimania.com/villemingerard/index.htm#Tabmat"><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'>Rubriques</span></a><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:   18.0pt'> / </span><a   href="http://www.multimania.com/villemingerard/Alphabet.htm"><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'>Index</span></a><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:   18.0pt'> / </span><a href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Biblio/Biblio.htm"><span   style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt'>Rfrences</span></a> / <span   style='font-size:13.5pt;color:red'>***</span><a   href="http://www.multimania.com/villemingerard/index.htm#Nouveau">Nouveauts</a></p>   <p align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><b><span   style='font-size:18.0pt;color:red'>=&gt;</span></b><a   href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/index.html"> TABLE DES MATIRES<span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;</span></a> -<a   href="mailto:yoda.SW@wanadoo.fr"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>M'crire</span></a>   - <i>dition du:</i> <span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'>02/05/02</span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=865 style='width:432.25pt;  mso-cellspacing:.7pt;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td width=862 style='width:430.85pt;background:yellow;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="..\TabMat.htm#chaos"><span   style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>--</span><span style='font-family:   Symbol'> </span></a><b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial'>RUBRIQUE:   </span></b><a name=top></a><b><span style='font-size:26.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:   36.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:red'>COMPLEXIT</span></b></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width=862 style='width:430.85pt;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#Approche"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> <b>APPROCHE</b></span><b><span style='font-size:   13.5pt;font-family:Arial'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#Dfinition"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></b><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>DFINITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#OrgCompDcouv"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> ORGANISATION, COMPLEXIT &amp; DCOUVERTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#AutoAdapt"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'> </span></b><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>SYSTME COMPLEXE ADAPTATIF<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#Transcend"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> TRANSCENDANCE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#AutoOrg"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> AUTO-ORGANISATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:14.2pt;   margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a href="#TasSable"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&gt;&gt;&gt;</span></a><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> TAS DE SABLE</span></b></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><b><i>Pages sur sujets voisins:<o:p></o:p></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center'><a href="Entropie.htm">Entropie</a> / <a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N100a500/Nb120150.htm#Kolmo"><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'>Complexit de Kolmogorov</span> </a>/ <a href="..\Chaos\LoiLogis.htm#top"><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'>Loi logistique</span></a><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'> / </span><a href="..\Chaos\CroiLogi.htm#top"><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'>Croissance logistique</span></a><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'> / </span><a href="..\Suite\Fractal.htm#top"><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt'>Fractales</span></a></p>   <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>  <hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>  </div>   <p><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <a name=Approche></a><a name=Normaux></a><b>APPROCHE<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <p><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;</span></i></b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Pense:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=660 style='width:330.0pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ce qui   est simple</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>est <span style='color:red'>faux</span></span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ce qui   est compliqu</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>est <span style='color:red'>inutilisable</span></span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Paul Valry<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le chaos, <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>c'est le mouvement libr de l'ordre et de la prdicabilit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>C'est la varit, le choix, la corne d'abondance des occasions  saisir. <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Joseph Ford - Physicien<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Approche:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;</span></i></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Une chose est plus complexe qu'une autre <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>s&nbsp;'il faut plus d'informations pour la dcrire.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit d'une chose est caractrise par <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>la description la plus compacte pour dcrire cette chose.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Exemples:<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=854 style='width:426.75pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:aqua;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>ABABABABABABABABABAB</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:aqua;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>QDGJLPUTEAVBNKJHGFC</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Description:   <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>10   fois AB  la suite</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Pas   d'autre moyen que de <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>citer   les lettres</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;   color:red'>Cette suite est moins complexe ...</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" valign=top style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:red'>...que celle ci-dessus</span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p><a name=Dfinition></a><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt; font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <b>DFINITIONS<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<b><i>Dfinitions diverses<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=855 style='width:427.5pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalente  l'information,        c'est--dire  la capacit de surprendre ou d'informer un observateur <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalent au degr de        dtails qu'un systme montre  des chelles de plus en plus petites <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalent au degr de        rgularit (plutt qu'au degr d'alatoire) qui se manifeste dans un        systme <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalent  la diversit        dploye par les diffrents niveaux d'un systme structur d'une faon        hirarchique <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit se mesure au degr d'universalit        du langage requis pour dcrire le systme <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalente  la quantit de        ressources thermodynamique requise pour btir un systme  partir de ses        lments constitutifs <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La complexit est quivalent  la quantit        d'informations requise par un ordinateur pour dcrire un systme<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Selon l'Institute for Complexity de Santa Fe<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; </span><a name=OrgCompDcouv></a><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Arial'>ORGANISATION, COMPLEXIT &amp; DCOUVERTES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Florilge <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=855 style='width:427.5pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Avis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l11 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Si        vous mettez cinq conomistes dans une salle vous obtenez six opinions        diffrentes.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>ADN<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l20 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>1952        James Watson et Francis Crick dcouvrent la structure de </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/QuatP2.htm#ADN"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>l'ADN</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        en double hlice. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l20 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>1960        Franois Jacob et Jacques Monod dcouvrent qu'une petite fraction des        centaines de gnes de la molcule d'ADN fonctionnent comme des        commutateurs microscopiques. <o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:   3.0pt;margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l20 level2 lfo9;   tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:   "Times New Roman"'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;   </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Une hormone fait   basculer ce commutateur et, alors, il va envoyer un signal chimique  ses   voisins. <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:   3.0pt;margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l20 level2 lfo9;   tab-stops:list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;   mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:   "Times New Roman"'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;   </span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Des commutations en   cascade s'tablissent et,  la fin, un nouvel quilibre s'tablit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l20 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>L'ADN        se comporte comme un ordinateur  l'chelle molculaire qui indique        comment la cellule doit se construire, se rparer et communiquer avec        l'extrieur.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Auto-Organisation<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>1977        Ilya Prigogine (belge) obtient le prix Nobel. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Il        pose la question: pourquoi le monde est ordonn, structur et d'o cela        vient-il ? <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La        seconde loi de la thermodynamique dit que le monde va vers le dsordre. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ou,        autrement dit, il est impossible de refaire des ufs avec une omelette. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Et        pourtant, il existe de nombreux systmes auto-organiss: le cyclone,        l'eau qui boue. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Cette        auto-organisation se dveloppe l o il y a auto-renforcement, ou        autrement dit, un feed-back positif (et non ngatif, comme pour un        servomcanisme). <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Une        petite perturbation est contre par la rgulation du servomcanisme. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l0 level1 lfo13;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        auto-renforcement, c'est le contraire: un petit cart privilgie celui        qui est en avance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>VHS<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l14 level1 lfo16;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le        VHS tait lgrement plus demand que le Bta; c'est lui qui s'est        diffrenci et qui s'est impos. <i>Voir </i></span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N10P6/N10P11.htm#JeuVideo"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Vido</span></a> </li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l14 level1 lfo16;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Remarquons        par exemple, l'effet d'attraction de la </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N10P6/N10P12.htm#Capitale"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Silicon Valley</span></a></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les gouttes d'eau:</span></i></b><i><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l21 level1 lfo19;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La        </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/PetitNB/Pt0-3.htm#Gravit"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>gravit</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        et la capillarit s'quilibre pour former des gouttes d'eau. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l21 level1 lfo19;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Selon        les imperfections, les traces de poussire, on obtient des arrangements        trs varis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le moteur  essence: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        1890, l'essence est considre comme non comptitive face  la vapeur. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        1895, lors d'une comptition c'est un </span><a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/CultureG/Voiture.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>vhicule</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        avec moteur  essence qui gagne. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        1896, Ransom Olds fabrique ce moteur en srie. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        1914 aux USA, une maladie conduit  liminer les rservoirs d'eau, l o        s'abreuvaient les chevaux. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>On        invente rapidement un moteur  vapeur qui ne ncessite plus un        remplissage tous les 50 km. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Mais        c'est dj trop tard. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l13 level1 lfo22;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La        vapeur disparat, l'essence se dveloppe.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Racteur nuclaire: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        1956, plusieurs techniques se concurrencent avec chacune ses avantages. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        octobre 1957, les sovitiques lancent Spoutnik. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Eisenhower        veut un racteur le plus vite possible. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le        plus avanc du moment se trouve sur les sous-marins nuclaires. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>C'est        le racteur  eau lgre. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l27 level1 lfo25;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>C'est        lui qui a t dvelopp.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Non-Linaire<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l23 level1 lfo28;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Dans        un systme linaire, le tout est gal  la somme des parties. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l23 level1 lfo28;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Il        sont reprsents par une </span><a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/ThNbDemo/EqaGene.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>quation</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        linaire, une droite. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l23 level1 lfo28;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>En        thorie non-linaire, la somme peut tre plus grande que la somme des        parties. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l23 level1 lfo28;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le        graphe est une courbe.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le son et l'motion: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l5 level1 lfo31;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le        son est linaire: on reconnat sparment un violon et un hautbois qui        jouent ensemble. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l5 level1 lfo31;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Par        contre, l'motion perue peut tre beaucoup plus grande que celle        obtenue avec chacun des instrument.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Robinet:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l29 level1 lfo34;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        peine ouvert, on observe le goutte  goutte: pop-pop-pop-pop <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l29 level1 lfo34;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Un        peu plus ouvert, les gouttes peuvent prendre un rythme particulier:        POP-pop-POP-pop <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l29 level1 lfo34;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Bientt,        avec l'ouverture progressive du robinet, le rythme passera  4, 16, etc.        <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l29 level1 lfo34;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le        rythme deviendra si grand , qu'il ressemblera  un phnomne alatoire: <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l29 level1 lfo34;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>le        chaos.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Dcouvreurs:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l8 level1 lfo37;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Entre        la thorie et l'exprimentation, il y a la simulation <o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Quark:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l4 level1 lfo40;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Gell-Mann        invente l'ide du </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/PetitNB/Atome.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>quark</span></a></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Big-Bang:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l22 level1 lfo43;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>George        Gamov, un de ceux qui propose la thorie du </span><a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Science/Univers.htm#BigBang"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Big Bang</span></a></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Mcanique quantique:<a   name=quantique></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l31 level1 lfo46;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Erwin        Schrdinger est co-inventeur de la <a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Scienmod/Quantiqu.htm">mcanique        quantique</a><o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span lang=DE style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:DE'>Projet   Manhattan: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l18 level1 lfo49;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=DE style='font-size:        13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:DE'>Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Niels        Bohr, John Von Neumann, Hans Bethe, Richard Feynman, Eugne Wigner.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span lang=DE style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:DE'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Darwin: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l15 level1 lfo52;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N1000/N1500.htm#Evolution"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Slection naturelle</span></a> </li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l15 level1 lfo52;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>volution        pour survivre <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l15 level1 lfo52;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Une        probabilit de passer ses gnes  la gnration suivante <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l15 level1 lfo52;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>L'quilibre        est un point final<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>No-Darwin: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l1 level1 lfo55;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Auto-organisation.        <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l1 level1 lfo55;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>L'apprentissage        par la rcompense (nourriture, sensation...) <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l1 level1 lfo55;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB        style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Adaptation par        feed-back. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l1 level1 lfo55;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Une        aventure pleine de surprises<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Neuronique:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l12 level1 lfo58;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>MacCulloch        tablit le premier modle d'un </span><a href="..\Logique\IAneuron.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>rseau neuronique</span></a></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:   EN-GB'>John Maynard Smith: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l2 level1 lfo61;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Travaux        sur l'volution dynamique des systmes. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l2 level1 lfo61;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Il        utilise la thorie des jeux pour expliquer la coopration et la comptition        entre espces.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Thorie des Jeux,</span></i></b><b><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l28 level1 lfo64;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Un        thorme dit: <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l28 level1 lfo64;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>dans        un jeu fini  somme nulle de deux joueurs, comme les checs, <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l28 level1 lfo64;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>il        y a une solution optimale. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l28 level1 lfo64;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Claude        Shannon, le pre de la thorie de l'information, a estim que le nombre        de mouvement au jeu d'checs est 10<sup>120</sup> , nombre si grand        qu'il dfie toute comparaison<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Langages de Programmation<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l26 level1 lfo67;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Mi        1950's: arrive des langages de programmation<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Von Neumann: <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l7 level1 lfo70;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Son        architecture de calculateur est toujours la base des </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N1000/N100000.htm#NbMachine"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>ordinateurs</span></a><span style='font-size:        13.5pt'> modernes<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   0cm'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:   36.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Mathmatiques Abstraites:<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>   <ul style='margin-top:0cm' type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l3 level1 lfo73;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>cole        Bourbaki: <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l3 level1 lfo73;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>les        </span><a href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/ThNbDemo/ThNbTdeM.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>mathmatiques</span></a><span style='font-size:        13.5pt'> sont abstraites et ne doivent jamais tre illustres. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:3.0pt;margin-bottom:3.0pt;mso-list:        l3 level1 lfo73;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les        mathmatiques doivent s'loigner de toute interprtation concrte.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <a name=AutoAdapt></a><b>SYSTME COMPLEXE ADAPTATIF<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Complexe adaptatif<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=860 style='width:429.75pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>1.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les commandes sont disperses; il n'y a pas de   matre; la seule attitude cohrente du systme provient de la comptition et   de la coopration<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>2.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Il y a de nombreux niveaux d'organisation. Un   lment d'un niveau sert de brique de construction du niveau plus lev<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>3.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ces systmes apprennent  se rorganiser selon ce   qu'ils rencontrent dans leur environnement<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>4.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ils anticipent<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>5.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ils font des prdictions<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>6.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ils sont actifs et se dclenchent selon   l'environnement<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>7.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ils ont des niches de fonctionnement<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l30 level1 lfo75;tab-stops:   list 36.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>8.<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ils sont toujours en transition, en recherche du   nouvel quilibre<o:p></o:p></span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <a name=Transcend></a><b>TRANSCENDANCE<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:center 386.75pt left 423.0pt'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Mlodie du Monde<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Grce  la science, <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>la connaissance de l'univers est dsormais acheve<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Marcellin Berthelot - il y a un sicle<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Depuis, <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>la complexit, le chaos, le hasard <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>sont arrivs!<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les trois voies du hasard</span></i></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>, <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=854 style='width:426.75pt;  mso-cellspacing:.7pt;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td width="41%" style='width:41.8%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<b><i>vnement historiques et   contingents</i></b></span></p>   </td>   <td width="57%" style='width:57.72%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N10P6/N10P9.htm#astroides"><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>Astrodes</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>,   il y a 65 millions d'annes, disparition des </span><a   href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N10P6/N10P7.htm#dinosaure"><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>dinosaures</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>   et dveloppement des mammifres</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="41%" style='width:41.8%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'><a   href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Scienmod/Quantiqu.htm">Thorie quantique</a></span></i></b></p>   </td>   <td width="57%" style='width:57.72%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La ralit est dcrite en termes de </span><a   href="Probabil\ProbCalc.htm#top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>probabilits</span></a></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="41%" style='width:41.8%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Phnomnes chaotiques</span></i></b></p>   </td>   <td width="57%" style='width:57.72%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Introduisent l'imprvisible dans la vie de   tous les jours</span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le monde est plutt soumis  <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>la subtile dialectique de la ncessit et du hasard:<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=863 style='width:431.25pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:silver;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Ncessit</span></i></b></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:silver;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Hasard</span></i></b></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;   color:red'>Harmonie</span><a name=harmonie></a></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;   color:red'>Chaos</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo78;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les lois de la physique</span></li>   </ul>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Engendre le   fouillis, la complexit</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">   </span>Dterministe</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Exubrant   de crativit</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Monde   ordonn, mcanique,</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Monde   interdpendant, indtermin,</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Fragment</span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Holistique (qui   forme un tout)</span></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Thorie de <a   href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Esprit/Newton.htm">Newton</a></span></p>   </td>   <td width="50%" style='width:50.0%;background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Thorie du   chaos<o:p></o:p></span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La nature joue du jazz, elle improvise autour d'un thme musical. <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La nature brode et cre de la complexit autour des lois physiques<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Voir 0,05 </span></i><a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/PetitNB/LunePosi.htm"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Lune</span></a></p>  <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>  <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;</span></b><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <a name=AutoOrg></a><b>AUTO-ORGANISATION<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=1 cellspacing=1 cellpadding=0 width=858 style='width:429.0pt;  mso-cellspacing:.7pt;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:yellow;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>La seconde   loi de la thermodynamique dit que <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>le   dsordre <i>(l'entropie pour les savants)</i> doit crotre</span></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <div align=center>  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=858 style='width:429.0pt;  mso-cellspacing:0cm;mso-padding-alt:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:white;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo81;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Le dsordre nous envahit inluctablement. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo81;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les choses se dtruisent et disparaissent. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l17 level1 lfo81;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>La probabilit qu'un </span><a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Puzzle/PuzzTdM.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>jeu</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        de cartes mlanges soit ordonn est infinitsimale.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l19 level1 lfo84;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Alors comment expliquer l'organisation et la        complexit du monde, du monde vivant en particulier? <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l19 level1 lfo84;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Au lieu d'aller vers la strilit et le        dsespoir, le monde va vers la crativit et l'esprance.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo87;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Comme si le dsordre gnral allait encore plus        vite, pour compenser l'ordre cr <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l16 level1 lfo87;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>et, ainsi, satisfaire la loi de la        thermodynamique.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo90;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Les scientifiques n'expliquent pas ce principe        d'auto-organisation, <o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l24 level2 lfo90;tab-stops:   list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:   13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>o<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>cet lan vital <i>(Henri Bergson),</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;   margin-left:144.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l24 level2 lfo90;tab-stops:   list 72.0pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:   13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>o<span   style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><![endif]><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>cette cause finale <i>(Aristote)</i>, <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l24 level1 lfo90;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>ce principe organisateur qui tend vers un stade        final de communication avec Dieu <i>(Teilhard de Chardin 1881- 1955 et        son point Omga)<o:p></o:p></i></span></li>   </ul>   <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l25 level1 lfo94;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>L'apparition de la </span><a        href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N10P6/N10P6U3.htm#Vie"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>vie</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>        dpend, en effet, d'un rglage extrmement fin des lois de la nature et        des conditions initiales de l'univers.</span></li>   </ul>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:yellow;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Le hasard est   un lment fondamental de la croissance de la complexit. <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Mais en   est-il la suprme instance? <o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-hansi-font-family:Symbol'></span><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Alors, je   pense que je suis croyant, mais... je ne sais pas en quoi!<o:p></o:p></span></p>   <p align=center style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center'><i><span   style='font-size:13.5pt'>(Hubert Reeves)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   </td>  </tr>  <tr>   <td valign=top style='background:aqua;padding:3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt 3.0pt'>   <ul type=disc>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo97;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Harmonie, symtrie et beaut des choses du        monde ne peut pas tre le seul fait de la chance. <o:p></o:p></span></li>    <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:        auto;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo97;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>Nous devons postuler l'existence d'une cause        premire qui a rgl </span><a        href="http://villemin.gerard.free.fr/Science/Univers.htm"><span        style='font-size:13.5pt'>l'univers</span></a> <span style='font-size:        13.5pt'>ds son dbut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>   </ul>   <p align=center style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-align:center'><i><span   lang=EN-GB style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>(Trinh Xuan   Thuan)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>   </td>  </tr> </table>  </div>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size: 13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-size: 13.5pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p><a href="#Top"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp; <a name=TasSable></a><b>TAS DE SABLE<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>C'est en 1981 <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>que les scientifiques tchques, J. Schmid et J. Novosad, <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>dcouvrent que la </span><a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/yoda.guillaume/N1000/N100000.htm#pression"><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>pression</span></a> <span style='font-size:13.5pt'>dans un tas de sable <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>n'est pas celle que l'on imagine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><i><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> la base <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>la pression maximum n'est pas exerce au centre, <o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>mais se trouve localise sur une couronne autour du centre.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><img border=0 width=378 height=168 id="_x0000_i1026" src=Image711.gif></p>  <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;</p>   <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>  <hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>  </div>   <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><a href="#Top"><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>-- </span></b></a><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>&nbsp;</span></b></p>  </div>  </body>  </html>  </pre></xmp></noscript><script language="javascript" src="http://ads.multimania.lycos.fr/ad/test_frame_size.js"></script> <script language="javascript"> if (!AD_clientWindowSize()) {         document.write("<NOSC"+"RIPT>"); } </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ads.multimania.lycos.fr/ad/ad.php?cat=technology&mkw=&CC=fr&ord=3eaa33f5&adpref="></script> 
