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color: #3613da">United Nations Environment Programme</span><br> <span style="font: bold 18px verdana,arial,serif; color:  #003366;">DAMS AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> </td></tr>  </tbody></table>  <table class="layout"> <TBODY> <!-- top -->  <tr> <td class="menubar" colspan=2> <p class="category_path"><a href="./">Home</a> <b>/</b> <a href="document.php?cat_id=15">The WCD</a> &gt; <a href="document.php?cat_id=4">Reactions to the report</a></p></td></tr> <tr> <!-- LHS --> <td align="left" valign="top" width="150" bgcolor=" #66B3B3"> <TABLE cellspacing=0 class="nav_box"> <TBODY> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=2">About the DDP</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=40">Objectives</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=18">Work Programme</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=19">Organisation</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=27">Newsletter</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=20">How to contact the DDP</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=16">Follow-up Initiatives</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=39">Good Practice <img src=images/new.gif border=0></a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=25">Events</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=24">Links</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item1"><a href="?cat_id=15">The WCD</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=14">About the WCD</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=3">The WCD Report</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=21">Knowledge Base</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=4">Reactions to the report</a></td></tr> <TR><TD class="nav_item2"><a href="?cat_id=13">3rd WCD Forum Meeting</a></td></tr> </TBODY></TABLE> &nbsp;  <TABLE cellSpacing="0" class="nav_box"><TBODY><TR><TD class="yellowbox"><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="arial,helvetica" size="2"><a href="print.php?doc_id=47" target="_blank"><b>Printable version<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;of this page</b></a></font></p></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> </td> <td align=left valign=top width="100%">  <div class="bodytext">  <p></p><p><b><a href="#gli">english</a>version</b></p> </div>  <p align="center">Premiers commentaires</p>  <p align="center">du</p>  <p align="center">Comit&eacute; fran&ccedil;ais des Grands Barrages</p>  <p align="center">sur les</p>  <p align="center">propositions du rapport</p>  <p align="center">de la</p>  <p align="center">Commission Mondiale des Grands Barrages</p>  <br align="center"> <br> <p>A la demande de la CIGB, le Comit&eacute; Fran&ccedil;ais des Grands Barrages transmet ses premi&egrave;res r&eacute;actions &agrave; la lecture   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:25">rapide</del> du rapport de la Commission Mondiale des Barrages, publi&eacute; en novembre dernier, et intitul&eacute; &laquo;Barrages et d&eacute;veloppement: un nouveau cadre de d&eacute;veloppement&raquo;.</p>  <p>Ce rapport est tout d&rsquo;abord une initiative jamais r&eacute;alis&eacute;e auparavant qui tente de r&eacute;pondre aux pr&eacute;occupations soci&eacute;tales actuelles et futures. En effet, en constatant que:</p>  <p>q malheureusement, certains am&eacute;nagements ont apport&eacute; des solutions incompl&egrave;tes aux usages de l&rsquo;eau;</p>  <p>q ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, de nombreux projets n&rsquo;ont pu &ecirc;tre r&eacute;alis&eacute;s, faute d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments majeurs dans la prise de d&eacute;cision;</p>  <p>q l  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:25">es</ins><del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:25">a</del> population  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:26">s</ins><del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:25">et notamment les jeunes g&eacute;n&eacute;rations</del> veulent &ecirc;tre   <ins cite="mailto:EDF" datetime="2001-02-09T17:27">de plus en plus</ins> associ&eacute;es &agrave; la d&eacute;cision de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement du territoire;</p>  <p>q les usages de l&rsquo;eau sont en permanente &eacute;volution, au fil du d&eacute;veloppement de la soci&eacute;t&eacute;;</p>  <p>q les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts individuels, dans les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s occidentales, sont de plus en plus aptes &agrave; refuser tout nouvelle infrastructure (autoroute, voie ferr&eacute;e, urbanisme et, bien s&ucirc;r, barrages);</p>  <p>le   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:26">comit&eacute;</del>   <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:26">Comit&eacute;</ins> reconna&icirc;t le bien fond&eacute; des investisseurs &agrave; vouloirproposer :</p>  <p>q un processus de d&eacute;cision participatif qui r&eacute;ponde aux pr&eacute;occupations des g&eacute;n&eacute;rations futures;</p>  <p>q un mode de financement international s&eacute;curis&eacute;, rentable et ind&eacute;pendant de tout lobby.</p>  <p>Il est particuli&egrave;rement difficile de porter un jugement en profondeur sur l&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; des conclusions d&rsquo;un travail &eacute;norme, unique au monde, dont la m&eacute;thode n&rsquo;a pas &eacute;t&eacute; suivie de pr&egrave;s et dont l&rsquo;application n&rsquo;est pas faite. En premi&egrave;re analyse, toutes les propositions du rapport ne semblent pas avoir la m&ecirc;me efficacit&eacute;:</p>  <p>1. Etablir  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:26">,</ins> en premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:26">,</ins> l&rsquo;analyse des besoins en consultant les parties int&eacute;ress&eacute;es est une tr&egrave;s bonne chose qui &eacute;vitera les grandes erreurs du pass&eacute;. En France , certains projets ne se sont pas r&eacute;alis&eacute;s soit par manque de clarification du circuit la d&eacute;cision, soit par insuffisance de l&rsquo;analyse des usages de l&rsquo;eau.</p>  <p>2. Analyser toutes les solutions qui pourrait r&eacute;pondre au probl&egrave;me pos&eacute; est le travail de base des bureaux d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes. Andr&eacute; GOUBET aimait r&eacute;p&eacute;ter qu&rsquo;un barrage ne serait r&eacute;alis&eacute; que si cette solution &eacute;tait la meilleure. Faire un barrage n&rsquo;est pas une fin en soi, mais une r&eacute;ponse aux questions:</p>  <p>Pourquoi stocker?</p>  <p>Comment stocker?</p>  <p>Comment partager la ressource?</p>  <p>Comment pr&eacute;server la ressource?</p>  <p>Etc&hellip;</p>  <p>3. Dans ces conditions, toute solution retenue en mati&egrave;re &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique ou hydraulique centrale (thermique, pompage dans la nappe, etc&hellip;) doit &ecirc;tre soumise &agrave; la m&ecirc;me exigence de suivi dans les derni&egrave;res &eacute;tapes du processus de d&eacute;cision: lors de la pr&eacute;paration, de la r&eacute;alisation ou de l&rsquo;exploitation du projet. Dans l&rsquo;&eacute;tape de d&eacute;cision consacr&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;valuation des alternatives, l&rsquo;analyses du cycle de vie est l&rsquo;un des outils fondamentaux de comparaison objective des impacts des solutions envisag&eacute;es sur l&rsquo;ensemble des phases: construction, exploitation et effacement avec les dur&eacute;es de vie r&eacute;alistes des installations.</p>  <p>4. L&rsquo;application d&rsquo;un cadre mondial unique pour le processus de d&eacute;cision de la construction ou de la gestion d&rsquo;un barrage comporte des risques et des effets pervers. Il est &agrave; craindre que des biais culturels et politiques contredisent les objectifs affich&eacute;s.   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:27">Par exemple,</del>   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">l</del>   <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">L</ins>e retard ou le blocage de bons projets est le risque majeur. Les cons&eacute;quences en seraient minimes en Europe ou aux USA, mais elles pourraient pousser &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;migration ou &agrave; la disette en Afrique ou en Asie.</p>  <p>5. Les 25 points d&rsquo;arr&ecirc;t propos&eacute;s sont  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">,</ins> a priori  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">,</ins> bas&eacute;s sur de bons principes, mais ils rendent le processus lourd et bureaucratique pour 90% des barrages dans le monde (taille inf&eacute;rieure &agrave; 30 m et volume inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; 10 hm<sup>3</sup>).</p>  <p>6. La recherche du consensus est une fin noble et id&eacute;aliste, mais  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">,</ins> en pratique  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:28">,</ins> elle rend la d&eacute;cision de tout investissement &agrave; la merci de n&rsquo;importe quel groupe tr&egrave;s minoritaire. Pour que les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s restent d&eacute;mocratiques elles doivent garantir l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t g&eacute;n&eacute;ral dans le respect des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts particuliers. Cela s&rsquo;obtient par vote des citoyens concern&eacute;s et le ralliement &agrave; l&rsquo;avis de la majorit&eacute; et non &agrave; un consensus qui ne serait obtenu que sur les bases les plus extr&eacute;mistes.</p>  <p>7. Le rapport n&rsquo;insiste pas assez sur le besoin tr&egrave;s fort de recherches fondamentales. Parmi les nombreux impacts &eacute;voqu&eacute;s, il convient de souligner d&rsquo;une part leur importance relative et d&rsquo;autre part leur degr&eacute; de connaissance. A l&rsquo;&eacute;poque o&ugrave; les pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s ne tiennent pas leurs promesses  <del cite="mailto:EDF" datetime="2001-02-09T17:33">,</del> de r&eacute;duction de gaz &agrave; effet de serre, la connaissance de ces &eacute;missions, de leurs causes et de leur cons&eacute;quences est fragmentaire et manque   <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:29">&agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;vidence</ins> d&rsquo;objectivit&eacute; scientifique. Il est grave d&rsquo;extrapoler &agrave; tout un parc quelques mesures r&eacute;alis&eacute;es sur des cas suffisamment extr&ecirc;mes pour avoir &eacute;t&eacute; instrument&eacute;s. N&rsquo;entend-on pas que si toutes les centrales hydro&eacute;lectriques &eacute;taient remplac&eacute;es par des centrales thermiques, cela reviendrait &agrave; doubler les &eacute;missions de gaz &agrave; effet de serre produite par la circulation automobile? La connaissance scientifique est &agrave; &eacute;tablir dans ce domaine et dans bien d&rsquo;autres.   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:29">Et dans le processus de d&eacute;cision, la distinction doit &ecirc;tre claire entre connaissance partielle et options prises par le forum.</del></p>  <p>8. Les calculs &eacute;conomiques pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s ne prennent pas en compte la long&eacute;vit&eacute; particuli&egrave;rement importante des barrages, sauf pour en signaler les exceptions. Une approche mesurant l&rsquo;enrichissement &eacute;conomique voir culturel des barrages bien con&ccedil;us est &agrave; d&eacute;velopper. En France: &frac34; des grands barrages construits avant 1800 sont en encore en activit&eacute;, 33 des 36 grands barrages construits au XIX&deg; si&egrave;cle sont toujours en activit&eacute;; 90% des plans d&rsquo;eau de plus d&rsquo;un hectare sont le r&eacute;sultat du travail de l&rsquo;homme et sont totalement int&eacute;gr&eacute;s &agrave; son environnement et &agrave; son histoire.   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">,</del>L'UNESCO vient de classer au patrimoine mondial de l'humanit&eacute; le canal du Midi et donc les barrages de Saint Ferr&eacute;ol (1675) et du Lampy (1782).</p>  <p>En conclusion, le rapport de la Commission ouvre un nouveau champs de perspectives de gestion des usages de l&rsquo;eau &agrave; une soci&eacute;t&eacute; qui &eacute;volue. Il a le m&eacute;rite de laisser une base de donn&eacute;es   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">et</del> dont la lecture contribuera certainement &agrave; &eacute;viter les erreurs du pass&eacute;. Par contre avant de l&rsquo;adopter, il serait prudent de v&eacute;rifier  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">,</ins> sur le terrain et dans des contextes tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rents  <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">,</ins> l&rsquo;applicabilit&eacute; des propositions &eacute;mises. Le Comit&eacute; fran&ccedil;ais est pr&ecirc;t &agrave; contribuer &agrave; cette initiative: des contacts vont &ecirc;tre engag&eacute;s avec d&rsquo;autres organisations scientifiques, des repr&eacute;sentants des usagers de l&rsquo;eau et le Minist&egrave;re   <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">charg&eacute; de</ins>   <del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:30">de</del> l&rsquo;Environnement pour analyser le bilan de l&rsquo;impact des barrages en France et pour   <ins cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:31">chercher des voies d</ins><del cite="mailto:DRIRE" datetime="2001-02-09T14:31">l</del>&rsquo;am&eacute;lioration des processus de d&eacute;cision et de financement en y incluant les propositions de la Commission. Le travail est tel qu&rsquo;il para&icirc;t difficile de donner les r&eacute;sultats de cette action d&rsquo;envergure avant le congr&egrave;s de MONTREAL en 2003.</p>  <p align="center"><b><a name="gli"></a>French Committee on Large Dams</b></p>  <p align="center"><b>on</b></p>  <p align="center"><b>Draft Report</b></p>  <p align="center"><b>by</b></p>  <p align="center"><b>World Commission on Dams</b></p>  <p>As requested by ICOLD, the French Committee on Large Dams is giving its initial reaction on reading the report issued by the World Commission on Dams in November last, entitled "Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making".</p>  <p>Firstly, the report is an unprecedented initiative, an attempt to answer society's present and future concerns. In view of the fact</p> <UL> <li>that unfortunately, some schemes have produced only incomplete solutions to the water usage issue,</li>  <li>that in recent years, many projects could not be built because of the absence of major components in the decision-making process,</li>  <li>that increasingly, the public demands to be involved in decisions on major development projects,</li>  <li>that water uses are continually changing as society itself changes, and</li>  <li>that, in western societies, individual interests are increasingly able to block any proposed new road, railway or urban development project, including of course dams,</li>  </UL><p>the Committee recognises that investors are justified in calling for</p> <UL> <li>a participative decision-making process relevant to the concerns of future generations, and</li>  <li>a method of international project finance which is secure, profitable and independent of lobbyist pressure.</li>  </UL><p>It is difficult to arrive at any in-depth judgement on the effectiveness of the conclusions of this enormous work, the only one of its kind in the world, without having closely followed the method employed, and which has not been put into practice. In the first analysis, not all the proposals in the report appear to be equally effective:</p>  <p>1 Starting by analysing needs, through consultation with interested parties, is an excellent approach which avoids the major errors of the past. In France, projects have failed to be implemented either through a lack of clarity in the decision-making process, or through insufficient analysis of water uses.</p>  <p>2 Analysing all the solutions liable to suit the problem in hand is the basic job performed by the design engineer. Andr&eacute; Goubet repeatedly said that a dam would only be built if it was the best solution. Dams are not built for their own sake but as an answer to the questions</p>  <p> Why store water?</p>  <p> How best to store it?</p>  <p> How best to share it?</p>  <p> How best to conserve the resource?</p>  <p> Etc.</p>  <p>3 Therefore, any prospective solution to energy or water problems (thermal generation, pumped wells, etc.) must be subject to the same stringent scrutiny in the later stages of the decision-making process, i.e. project preparation, construction and operation. At the stage of comparing alternatives, life cycle analysis is one of the fundamental tools for making objective comparisons between alternatives throughout all phases of construction, operation and abandon with realistic lifespans for the installations.</p>  <p>4 Having a single worldwide framework for the decision-making process on dam construction or management brings with it risks and may have perverse effects. There is a danger that cultural and political bias might conflict with the stated objectives. Delays or blocking of good projects is the most important danger. The consequences would be minimal in Europe or the USA but might lead to emigration or famine in Africa or Asia.</p>  <p>5 The 25 stop points are basically founded on good principles but make the process cumbersome and bureaucratic for 90% of dams in the world (those below 30m in height or less than 10 hm<sup>3</sup> capacity)</p>  <p>6 Seeking consensus is a fine ideal but in practice, it puts the investment decision at the mercy of every minority group. If societies are to remain democratic, they must work for the general good while respecting special interests. That is done by the citizens voting and accepting the majority opinion, not through consensus which could only be reached on the most extremist basis.</p>  <p>7 The report does not sufficiently stress the very strong need for fundamental research. One must be aware of the relative importance of, and level of knowledge about, some of the many impacts mentioned. At a time when the developed nations are not keeping their promises on greenhouse gas reductions, knowledge of these emissions, their causes and consequences, is fragmentary and clearly lacks any objective scientific basis. It is a serious error to extrapolate to a whole population a few measurements of instances that are sufficiently extreme to be instrumented. Has it not been claimed that replacing all hydro-electric powerstations by thermal powerstations would double greenhouse gas emissions from motor traffic? Scientific knowledge is needed in this area, and others.</p>  <p>8 The economic calculations in the report do not take account of the very long lifespan of dams except in mentioning exceptions. There needs to be an approach which measures the economic wealth and even cultural benefits generated by properly designed dams. In France, three&shy;-quarters of the dams built before 1800 are still working, as are 33 of the 36 built in the 19th century, and 90% of lakes more than one hectare in size are man-made and intimately embedded in their environment and local history. UNESCO has awarded the Canal du Midi along with the Saint Ferr&eacute;ol (1675) and Lampy (1782) dams world heritage status.</p>  <p>To sum up, the WCD report opens up new perspectives on water use and management in a changing society. It has the merit of leaving a database which will certainly help avoid past errors. But before accepting it, it would be wise to check, on the ground and in widely differing contexts, how far its proposals are practically applicable. The French Committee is ready to contribute to this initiative: approaches are to be made to other scientific organisations, water users representatives and the French environment ministry to assess the impact of dams in France and find ways of improving the decision-making and funding process, including consideration of the WCD proposals. This is such a big task that the results of this major project can hardly be expected before the Montreal Congress in 2003.</p> </div>  <p>&nbsp;</p> </td></tr></tbody></table>      <div style="background-color: #01227b; text-align: center;border-bottom: solid 3px #b2bcd7"> <span class="rubric">Copyright &copy; 2001 - 2002 Dams and Development Project</span> </div>   </BODY> </HTML>     
