<html xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">  <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Namo WebEditor v5.0(Trial)"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 9"> <link rel=File-List href="./Ecoles%20Doctorales%20(programme)_fichiers/filelist.xml"> <title>BORDEAUX 1</title> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <o:DocumentProperties>   <o:Author>Pascal Duris</o:Author>   <o:Template>Normal</o:Template>   <o:LastAuthor>TRELUT ERIC</o:LastAuthor>   <o:Revision>2</o:Revision>   <o:TotalTime>354</o:TotalTime>   <o:LastPrinted>2001-03-07T09:24:00Z</o:LastPrinted>   <o:Created>2002-09-24T08:36:00Z</o:Created>   <o:LastSaved>2002-09-24T08:36:00Z</o:LastSaved>   <o:Pages>3</o:Pages>   <o:Words>694</o:Words>   <o:Characters>3957</o:Characters>   <o:Company> </o:Company>   <o:Lines>32</o:Lines>   <o:Paragraphs>7</o:Paragraphs>   <o:CharactersWithSpaces>4859</o:CharactersWithSpaces>   <o:Version>9.4402</o:Version>  </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:WordDocument>   <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone>   <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>   <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>   <w:UseMarginsForDrawingGridOrigin/>   <w:Compatibility>    <w:FootnoteLayoutLikeWW8/>    <w:ShapeLayoutLikeWW8/>    <w:AlignTablesRowByRow/>    <w:ForgetLastTabAlignment/>    <w:LayoutRawTableWidth/>    <w:LayoutTableRowsApart/>   </w:Compatibility>  </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!--  /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} h1 	{mso-style-next:Normal; 	margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	text-align:center; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	page-break-after:avoid; 	mso-outline-level:1; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-font-kerning:0pt; 	layout-grid-mode:line; 	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;} p.MsoTitle, li.MsoTitle, div.MsoTitle 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	text-align:center; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:Arial; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	layout-grid-mode:line; 	font-weight:bold; 	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	text-align:justify; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:Arial; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoBodyTextIndent, li.MsoBodyTextIndent, div.MsoBodyTextIndent 	{margin:0cm; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	text-align:justify; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; 	font-family:Arial; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	layout-grid-mode:line;} @page Section1 	{size:595.3pt 841.9pt; 	margin:124.75pt 51.05pt 70.9pt 93.55pt; 	mso-header-margin:35.45pt; 	mso-footer-margin:35.45pt; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;}  /* List Definitions */ @list l0 	{mso-list-id:259534252; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:-1601248488;} @list l0:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:3; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:-; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman";} @list l1 	{mso-list-id:463472031; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l1:level1 	{mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l2 	{mso-list-id:699432912; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l2:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:0; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l3 	{mso-list-id:700862680; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l3:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:0; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l4 	{mso-list-id:778110648; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l4:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:3; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l5 	{mso-list-id:859004751; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l5:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:0; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l6 	{mso-list-id:1016151182; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l6:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:2; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l7 	{mso-list-id:1101604880; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l7:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:2; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l8 	{mso-list-id:1110977015; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l8:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:0; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} @list l9 	{mso-list-id:1269892921; 	mso-list-type:hybrid; 	mso-list-template-ids:-1928315034;} @list l9:level1 	{mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l10 	{mso-list-id:1641381110; 	mso-list-type:simple; 	mso-list-template-ids:67895297;} @list l10:level1 	{mso-level-start-at:3; 	mso-level-number-format:bullet; 	mso-level-text:\F0B7; 	mso-level-tab-stop:18.0pt; 	mso-level-number-position:left; 	margin-left:18.0pt; 	text-indent:-18.0pt; 	font-family:Symbol;} ol 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} ul 	{margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style> </head>  <body lang=FR style='tab-interval:35.4pt'>  <div class=Section1>  <p class=MsoTitle>&nbsp;</p>  <p class=MsoTitle>Module transverse &nbsp;Histoire et pistmologie des sciences&nbsp;</p>  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'>(25 heures CM)<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'>2002-2003<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><u><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>OBJECTIFS DU MODULE</span></u><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Un livre rcent intitul <u>Chercher. Jours aprs jours, les aventuriers du savoir</u> (2000) assure que le mtier de chercheur constitue &nbsp;un monde  part&nbsp;, avec son vocabulaire, ses manies, ses prjugs, qui exclurait &nbsp;lenthousiasme, le langage fleuri, la mtaphore, lillusion, pour sappuyer sur la dmarche besogneuse de lquation et sur la rigueur de procdures exprimentales sans cesse rptes&nbsp;. Or lide quil dveloppe selon laquelle la recherche serait une passion dment ce caractre rv de la pratique scientifique. La mthode scientifique,  la codification de laquelle ont uvr physiciens, chimistes et biologistes depuis le XVII<sup>e</sup> sicle, laisse au contraire toute sa place  limaginaire, au hasard,  lerreur, voire  la fraude. Ces &nbsp;dsordres&nbsp; sont constitutifs du travail du chercheur et il nous semble utile que les doctorants en prennent conscience au moment d&nbsp;entrer en recherche&nbsp;.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><u><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>CONTENU</span></u><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <h1 style='text-align:justify'>1. Thorie et pratique de la recherche scientifique<span style='font-weight:normal'> (19 h.)<o:p></o:p></span></h1>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>Histoire de la mthode scientifique</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>Ses premiers thoriciens&nbsp;: Bacon, Descartes et Galile. La mthode exprimentale selon Cl. Bernard (1865). Cette mthode ne va pas de soi. Les difficults dune observation objective. Lintrt discut de lexprience. Les premiers exprimentateurs&nbsp;: Galile, Redi, Lavoisier, etc. La synthse de Diderot (1753) et le point de vue de l<u>Encyclopdie</u>. Le travail exprimental de Spallanzani. Le laboratoire&nbsp;: une invention de chimiste.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>La mthode exprimentale aujourdhui</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>Une nouvelle dfinition de lexprience. La mthode des modles. Les diffrentes catgories de modles. Les relations modle/exprience. De lexprience de laboratoire  lexprience collective. La recherche scientifique au quotidien&nbsp;: son organisation, son valuation, sa diffusion. Limage de la science aujourdhui.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; layout-grid-mode:line'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>   </span><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>Imaginaire, hasard et erreur</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>Constitutifs du travail du chercheur ou accidents&nbsp;? <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Lillumination</b>&nbsp;: Archimde, le serpent de Kekul (1862), Poincar et les fonctions fuchsiennes (vers 1900), Nicolle et le mode de transmission du typhus (1909), Loewi et la thorie chimique de la transmission synaptique (1921), Jacob et la rgulation de la biosynthse des protines (1958). <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Le hasard (ou srendipit)</b>&nbsp;: la pomme de Newton (1666), Rntgen et les rayons X (1895), Fleming et la pnicilline (1928). <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Lerreur&nbsp;</b>: erreurs par ngligence&nbsp;: les rayons N (1903-1904), la fusion froide (1989-1991), le pulsar fantme (1987), la &nbsp;mmoire&nbsp; de leau (1988)&nbsp;; erreurs par ignorance&nbsp;: la constante cosmologique dEinstein (1920), limpossibilit des manipulations gntiques (1970)&nbsp;; erreurs par intrt&nbsp;: le <u>Bathybius Haeckelii</u> (1868), laffaire Lyssenko, le crationnisme.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>De la comptition  la fraude</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>La course au Nobel&nbsp;: la bataille des neuro-hormones (1962-1972). Les querelles de priorit&nbsp;: la dcouverte du virus du sida (1984-1985). Lembryologie de Haeckel. De lhomme de Piltdown (1912)  laffaire Fujimura (2000). Le Prix Ig-Nobel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'>2. Science, politique et religion</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> (2 h.)<span style='layout-grid-mode:line'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>Le crationnisme</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>Evolution et religion. La rsistance aux ides de Darwin aux USA&nbsp;: le &nbsp;Procs du singe&nbsp; (1925). Annes 1970&nbsp;: la Bible  galit avec Darwin. Annes 1980&nbsp;: le crationnisme scientifique. Le crationnisme en France. Marx et Darwin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>La gntique de Lyssenko</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>La science &nbsp;proltarienne&nbsp; contre la gntique &nbsp;ractionnaire&nbsp; de Mendel, Weismann et Morgan. Pour la thorie &nbsp;matrialiste&nbsp; de la slection naturelle. La thorie des &nbsp;deux sciences&nbsp;. </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>Le cas de conscience des scientifiques engags.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoBodyText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>  <p class=MsoBodyText><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family: Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";layout-grid-mode:line'>3. Rflexions sur la continuit/discontinuit de la nature</span></b><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'> (4 h.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>Histoire de la notion de classification et des concepts despce</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>Taxons et taxinomie. I</span><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>l ny a pas de classification dfinitive. Luvre taxinomique de Linn. La place de lhomme dans la classification. La nomenclature binomiale et les codes internationaux de nomenclature. Lopposition de Buffon et de Maupertuis. Diffrentes images de la nature&nbsp;: lchelle, la carte, larbre. Lespce&nbsp;: entit naturelle ou artificielle&nbsp;? Un dbat toujours actuel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FR;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; layout-grid-mode:line'><br clear=all style='page-break-before:always'>   </span><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>* <u>Histoire des ides sur lvolution</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'>L</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>quilibre de la nature selon Linn. Les premires visions dynamiques de la vie&nbsp;: B. de Maillet (1748) et la &nbsp;transmigration&nbsp; des espces marines, Maupertuis (1754) et la formation des espces nouvelles, Buffon (1778) et lhistoire de la terre. Le catastrophisme de Cuvier (1812). Le transformisme de Lamarck (1809). La thorie de Darwin (1859). Limpossibilit dune hrdit des caractres acquis (Weismann, 1885). Le no-darwinisme. Quelques thories modernes de lvolution&nbsp;: la thorie synthtique, la thorie neutraliste, la thorie des quilibres ponctus.<o:p></o:p></span></p>  <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; layout-grid-mode:line'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>  </div>  </body>  </html> 
