<html>  <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>CHAPITRE VI</title> </head>  <body>  <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">CHAPITRE VI -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>La NORME<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ZOOLOGIQUE <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">C'est la caractristique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de ce qui est conforme aux<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>comportements animaux <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">A CHRONOLOGIE</span></u></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR"> </span></u></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><span style="color:black">( volution rsume<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de l'espce humaine) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></u></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- avant 500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes- re prcambrienne...-Des organismes simples / unicellulaires. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>re primaire ou palozoque (grec &quot;vie ancienne&quot;) ... Cambrien - Surtout vie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annesrine : mollusques, trilobites... requins. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 350<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes- Dvonien - Carbonifre- La vie sort de l'eau (elle y retournera plus tard pour donner les mammifres marins) - amphibiens et insectes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">&nbsp;-250<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -re secondaire ou msozoque (&quot;vie moyenne&quot;)... -Importante extinction marine en dbut de priode<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Mammifre, grands reptiles. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 170<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -&nbsp;-Dinosaures. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 70<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -re tertiaire ou cnozoque (&quot;vie rcente&quot;)... Purgatorius (USA) -Petits primates (entre le rat et le lmurien). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 35<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes /20<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -32 dents<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Proconsul -Primates suprieurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- Sparation des petits (cercopithques) et grands singes (hominodes). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 7<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -&quot;X&quot;pi thques (pithecus=singe)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>-La sparation initiale d'avec les autres grands singes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 4,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -Australopithque ramidus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>(austral=pays du Sud) -&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes -Australopithque afarensis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>et les autres : anamensis, africanus puis&nbsp;<br> robustus, boisei -Apparition de l'Hominid : La bipdie. Lucy (une cousine). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 2,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes-Homo Habilis (et aust. rudolfensis)-Genre Homo : l'Outil (remis en cause ces temps-ci). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">&nbsp;- 1,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>millions d'annes- re quaternaire<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Homo Erectus (et aust. ergaster) -D'abord en Afrique puis Asie et Europe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Les grottes habites (ex : Tautavel). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 400 000 ans- Palolithique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Erectus- Le Feu (ex : Terra amata Nice). <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 180 000 ans- Neandertal et Sapiens primitifs-Sous-groupes distincts dont un seul mne  nous. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 100 000 ans- Cro-magnon-Rites funraires et pense religieuse. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 30 000 ans-Sapiens sapiens- L'Art. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 10 000 ans- Nolithique-Sdentarisation et agriculture. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- 3 000 ans-&nbsp;-Mtallurgie - Ecriture. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Plusieurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>tapes ont men  la branche humaine : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;- <span style="color:black">Vertbr (terrestre  squelette axial et mchoire) . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Mammifre (allaite leurs petits) placentaire . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Primate (orbite ferm, ongles, orteil opposable ...) . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Haplorhinien (Nez non fendu et lvre suprieure mobile !) : des lmuriens  l'homme . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Catarhinien (Nez troit ouvert vers le bas) : tous les singes . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">-Hominode (grands singes) : Gibbon, Orang-Outang, Gorille, Chimpanz, Homme . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Hominid (Cerveau, bipdie ...) : sans le Gibbon . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">- Homin (Cerveau, bipdie ...) : sans l'Orang-Outang . <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Ensuite, le primate est descendu vivre  terre,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>il s'est redress et a march debout, et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>son cerveau s'est dvelopp. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'homme n'est qu'une espce parmi les millions d'autres qui se sont succd sur la plante, car depuis 3,5 milliards d'annes, la vie n'a cess d'voluer.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Toutes les plantes et tous les animaux de la Terre - homme compris - ont eu dans le pass des anctres en commun. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Ils partagent ce caractre de base avec tous les tres vivants de la plante.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">  une chelle encore plus petite, il existe un ultime point commun:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de la bactrie  l'homme, les gnes de tous les tres vivants utilisent le mme code pour fabriquer les substances indispensables  la multiplication et au fonctionnement des cellules. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'homme, mammifre terrestre, est le lointain descendant des premiers poissons cartilagineux. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Lorsque la vie s'est installe sur la terre ferme, elle a d modifier le programme de construction des animaux et remplacer les branchies par des poumons. Mais quelques traits archaques, comme ces bauches de branchies, trahissent encore les origines aquatiques des animaux terrestres. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">La possibilit de classer les tres vivants  partir de leur ressemblances et de leurs diffrences suggre que toutes les espces ont des liens de parent entre elles, autrement dit qu'elles ont un anctre commun. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Deux animaux appartiennent  des espces diffrentes quand ils ne se reproduisent plus ensemble ou quand leur descendance est strile. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le 24 novembre 1859, Darwin publie De l'Origine des espces. L'ouvrage fait scandale: sous la plume du naturaliste britannique, l'homme est raval au rang de l'animal.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Il faudra attendre le XX<sup>e</sup> s. pour que les biologistes apportent les preuves qui manquaient au savant britannique et confortent dfinitivement sa thorie. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">La thorie synthtique de l'volution dit qu'il existe de petites diffrences entre les individus d'une mme espce. Par exemple, la couleur blanche ou noire des phalnes. Ensuite,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>elle dit que ces diffrences sont le rsultat de mutations d'un ou plusieurs gnes. Le milieu naturel va faire le tri parmi toutes ces variantes; il va liminer certains individus (les phalnes blanches gobes par les oiseaux dans les rgions pollues) et slectionner ceux qui sont le mieux adapts,  un moment donn,  un milieu prcis (les phalnes brunes).  la longue, si les diffrentes varits restent trop longtemps sans se frquenter, le processus aboutit  la formation d'une nouvelle espce <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">La fabrication d'une nouvelle espce ou spciation, est une tche de longue haleine. Il faut sans doute des centaines, voire des milliers de gnrations progressivement en diffrentes espces. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Ces trente dernires annes, la thorie de l'volution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>a subi plusieurs attaques et elle a d voluer avec les dcouvertes scientifiques et les ides nouvelles. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Pendant 3 milliards d'annes,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la vie est reste au stade d'une seule cellule. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">En l'espace de 5 millions d'annes seulement, sont ns les anctres de tous les grands groupes d'animaux actuels : ponges, mollusques, coraux, crustacs, arthropodes et mme vertbrs sont apparus  cette poque. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les dinosaures dominent la Terre pendant 140 millions d'annes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">En moyenne, une espce de mammifre vit 2 millions d'annes. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">La prsence de l'homme sur la plante n'a rien d'ternel. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'volution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>n'avait pas&nbsp; pour objectif ultime l'mergence de l'homme</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<u1:p>  </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">B STRUCTURES ET FONCTIONS CHEZ LES ANIMAUX( doc) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">1) Niveau d'organisation structurale</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les atomes forment des molcules, les molcules s'assemblent et composent des organites tels que la membranes plasmique et les ribosomes. Ces structures  leur tour s'organisent en units vivantes appeles cellules. La cellule occupe une place particulire dans la hirarchie des tres vivants car elle constitue l'unit structurale la plus simple capable de vivre en tant qu'organisme. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les protozoaires reprsentent le niveau cellulaire de l'organisation structurale, l'chelon le plus simple pour un organisme. Les organismes pluricellulaires, dont les animaux, comprennent des cellules spcialises regroupes en tissus; ces tissus reprsentent l'chelon suivant dans la hirarchie de structure et de fonction. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">Chez la majorit des animaux, les divers tissus s'organisent en units fonctionnelles appeles organes.</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"> Chez les animaux plus complexes, les organes travaillent de concert pour constituer ce que l'on appelle les systmes de l'organism</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR">e. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">2) Tissus animaux</span></u></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Un tissu est un ensemble de cellules dotes d'une structure et d'une fonction commune. Pour former un tissu, les cellules adhrent les unes aux autres,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>grce aux substances qui les recouvrent ou grce  l'entrelacement de leurs fibres extracellulaires. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les histologistes, c'est--dire les biologistes spcialiss dans l'tude des tissus, distinguent quatre sortes de tissus animaux: le tissu pithlial, le tissu conjonctif, le tissu musculaire et le tissu nerveux. On trouve tous ces tissus, en plus ou moins grande quantit, chez tous les animaux  l'exception des plus simples tels les ponges. Cependant, notre tude ici se limite aux tissus des vertbrs. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">3<u>) Milieu interne de l'animal</u> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Il y a plus d'un sicle, le physiologiste franais Claude Bernard fit la distinction entre le milieu externe dans lequel un animal vit et le milieu interne dans lequel les cellules de cet animal vivent. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le milieu interne des vertbrs s'appelle liquide interstitiel. Ce liquide, qui remplit les espaces entre nos cellules, facilite les changes de nutriments et de dchets avec le sang contenu dans des vaisseaux microscopiques nomms capillaires. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">De nos jours, le milieu interne constant de Claude Bernard est intgr dans le concept d'homostasie, ou tat d'quilibre.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Un systme de rgulation homostatique possde toujours trois composantes fonctionnelles: un rcepteur, un centre de rgulation et un effecteur. Le rcepteur dtecte les changements qui se produisent dans les variables du milieu interne de l'animal, par exemple un changement de temprature corporelle. Le centre de rgulation traite l'information que lui envoie le rcepteur et dicte la rponse approprie  l'effecteur, qui agira de manire  apporter un changement afin que l'organisme maintienne son homostasie. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">On appelle rtro-inhibition ce mcanisme de rgulation parce qu'un changement dans la variable sous rgulation dclenche une rponse qui contrebalance la variation initiale. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">En raison du dcalage entre la perception du changement et la rponse, la variable s'carte de la valeur de rfrence vers le haut et vers le bas, mais les variations sont mineures. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les mcanismes de rtro-inhibition empchent les grands carts autour d'une variable. La plupart des mcanismes homostatiques connus chez les animaux fonctionnent selon ce principe de rtro-inhibition. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">C LES PRIMATES( doc)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">On connat actuellement 185 espces de Primates. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Quest-ce quun Primate ? <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les primates sont des mammifres arboricoles vivant principalement dans les forts tropicales et subtropicales, et cest leur confinement  ces rgions qui est caractristique</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">. En fait, les Primates sont moins limits par les effets directs de la temprature que par ses effets sur les chanes de production cologique, car ils ne migrent (sauf lhomme) et n'hibernent pas. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les Primates tonnent par la grande diversit de leurs modes de locomotion et de posture. Cependant, ils possdent un minimum de caractres lis  la vie dans les arbres, et aux conditions de dplacement difficiles dans les arbres. Ils ne saccrochent pas comme les chats, mais ils sagrippent. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Quelques caractres morphologiques et anatomiques des Primates : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>membres de structure primitive  5 doigts <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>mains partiellement prhensiles&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pieds prhensiles (sauf homme) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pouce opposable <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ongles plats (au lieu de griffes) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>coussinets tactiles rids au bout des doigts (dermatoglyphes) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>calcaneum allong dans sa partie distale <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>rduction du museau et de lolfaction <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>plancher du bulbe tympanique form par los ptreux&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>vision stroscopique (40  50 % des fibres sont ipsilatrales ; grand recouvrement des champs visuels des deux yeux et traitement spar par moiti au niveau cortical) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>face rduite <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>orbites de grande taille&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>orbites convergentes (vers lavant) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>prsence dune barre post-orbitaire (jonction des os frontal et zygomatique) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>cerveau relativement important et nocortex dvelopp <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>masse crbrale relativement leve chez les nouveau-ns et les ftus <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>gestation relativement longue <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>toutes les priodes de la vie sont plus longues et dcales dans le temps <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>vie postnatale prolonge <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>verticalisation du corps <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>dominance des membres postrieurs (centre de gravit prs de la ceinture pelvienne) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>clavicule conserve <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>denture complte (3 types de dents), modrment rduite <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ccum bien dvelopp <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>testicules dans un scrotum, ds la naissance <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>urtre et vagin compltement spars chez les femelles <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>faible nombre de mamelles <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Place des Primates parmi les Mammifres <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les primates appartiennent au groupe des archontats, et leurs groupes frres sont donc les <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">tupais, les dermaptres et les chiroptres <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Il est statistiquement impossible, eu gard  l'infinit des paramtres en jeux, que plusieurs espces, voluent de faon parallle, et aboutissant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span> des individus porteurs de caractristiques<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>biologiques complexes identiques, telles que celles observes chez les primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>La thorie de l'volution est donc<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>la seule<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>explication possible<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>l'apparition des espces dont, l'espce humaine. Toutes les explications religieuses qui nient cette ralit sont donc<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>rigoureusement ineptes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">D LES BONOBOS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span><u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">1 APPROCHE GENERALE</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR"> <u>( doc</u></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">) </span></u></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>(Frans de Waal et Frans Lanting. ditions Fayard), <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Il y a six millions d'annes,  partir d'un anctre commun, la ligne des hominids a diverg, tandis qu'un autre rameau a donn les chimpanzs et les bonobos, spars depuis trois millions d'annes seulement&nbsp;; nous partageons avec eux 98 pour cent de nos gnes! <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les chimpanzs sont bien connus, notamment grce  Jane Goodall (plus de 40 ans de prsence au Parc national de Gombe, en Tanzanie), mais l'histoire des bonobos, selon Frans de Waal, ne fait que commencer. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'thologie est la science des comportements des espces animales dans leur milieu naturel </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;: la dfinition date de 1849, et son auteur est le fondateur de la Socit d'acclimatation de France, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1805-1861). Aujourd'hui, la discipline a tourn le dos aux approches dogmatiques et monolithiques du tout gntique ou du tout apprentissage, et la vieille querelle entre l'inn et l'acquis est dsormais prime, selon Frans de Waal lui-mme. Les recherches sont menes dans le milieu naturel sur des priodes trs longues, ainsi qu'en captivit, combinant les approches disciplinaires les plus varies&nbsp;; les rsultats sont analyss, recoups, et la subjectivit a laiss la place  des bilans plus fiables et plus nuancs. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">De rputation sexuelle sulfureuse, les bonobos restent les moins connus des grands singes. Pan paniscus est une espce lgrement plus petite que Pan troglodytes (le chimpanz) &nbsp;; la tte est petite, le cou fin, les bras, le torse et les jambes sont lancs. Le dimorphisme sexuel est rduit (le poids moyen du mle est de 41 kilogrammes, celui de la femelle de 37 kilogrammes), et la bipdie est marque. Ils vivent dans la fort tropicale du bassin du fleuve Zare (Rpublique dmocratique du Congo), et l'on pense qu'ils n'ont jamais quitt leur pays d'origine. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">La population des bonobos est difficile  valuer, en raison des difficults d'accs  leurs territoires&nbsp;: on l'estime comprise entre 2 500 et 10 000. Mme si l'on ajoute quelques centaines de bonobos captifs dans les zoos europens et amricains, l'espce est fragile et menace. Sa connaissance est lie  la survie des communauts congolaises et  des conditions d'levage maintenant bien matrises, qui assurent la longvit des captifs et une descendance apprciable. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Comme les chimpanzs, l</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">es bonobos constituent une socit dite de fission-fusion</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"> <span style="color:#CC3333">&nbsp;: ils composent de petits groupes itinrants mixtes, qui changent au gr des jours et, mme, des heures. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les associations sont temporaires et fluctuantes</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">, sauf celles qui unissent les mres et leurs jeunes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les femelles ont un jeune tous les quatre ou cinq ans, et le bb singe grandit lentement, est allait durant quatre ans et devient tardivement autonome. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le lien maternel demeure entre la mre et ses fils adultes, puisque les mles restent dans leur groupe d'origine. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">En revanche, l</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">es jeunes femelles pr pubres quittent leur famille </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">et se font accepter dans un groupe tranger, en s'attachant  des femelles plus ges avec lesquelles elles lient des liens de sororit secondaire <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">La socit des bonobos est tolrante et galitaire, mais le rle des femelles est primordial</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>La hirarchie existe, sans tre stricte ni pesante. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Une femelle ge sera considre comme influente plus que dominante et, ainsi, elle assurera une certaine prsance  ses fils. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les animaux sont vifs, actifs, bruyants. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Leurs ressources alimentaires sont abondantes et disponibles sans effort&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">; elles se composent essentiellement de fruits mrs normes (Anonidium et Treculia) et d'une vgtation herbace terrestre qui fournit des protines vgtales en grande quantit. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les bonobos consomment seulement un pour cent de protines animales (insectes, vers, reptiles, musaraignes, petites antilopes...) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Il n'existe pas de conflits lis  la recherche de nourriture et  son appropriation, en raison de l'abondance des ressources, mais une comptition et une agressivit lies  la comptition sexuelle pourraient demeurer. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Or ces animaux ont la particularit de dsamorcer leurs conflits par une activit sexuelle frquente, inventive, htrosexuelle et homosexuelle.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"> En dehors de la particularit de relations sexuelles face  face, more hominum,  la manire des humains (alors que les chimpanzs s'accouplent more canum,  la manire des chiens), favorises par la localisation des organes sexuels de la femelle, plus entre les jambes que chez les chimpanzs, toutes les positions sont possibles. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les rapports sont si dcontracts, si naturels, si frquents (et dconnects de la notion de reproduction, puisqu'ils ont peu de jeunes, et espacs), et les animaux y prennent tant de plaisir que toute interprtation humaine relve davantage de nos fantasmes que d'un comportement pervers de leur part! <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Pour rassurer les partisans d'une certaine morale, ils chappent  l'inceste et  l'infanticide. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Donc la sexualit n'est pas une source de conflits, puisque les femelles sont nombreuses et rceptives presque en permanence, et la paternit impossible  reprer sans empreinte gntique. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Socit idale? On peut la qualifier de tolrante, sensible, intelligente. On peut s'tonner de ne pas voir les bonobos utiliser des outils dans leur milieu naturel&nbsp;; les primatologues disent qu'ils n'en ont pas besoin. Cependant, de nombreux exemples prouvent que ces animaux sont capables d'empathie&nbsp;: ils se mettent parfois  la place de leurs congnres et leur viennent en aide. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Nos graciles parents, dit F. de Waal, sont menacs comme la plupart des grands singes et pour les mmes raisons&nbsp;: la dforestation pour les cultures traditionnelles ou pour les coupes de bois, le braconnage ou la prospection diamantaire. La station de Wamba, dirige par Takayoshi Kano, et celle de Lamako, dirige par Alison et Nol Badrian, existent depuis 1974, mais les thologistes peroivent les menaces qui psent sur les singes&nbsp;: le tabou qui empchait les Africains de manger la chair des bonobos, considrs comme leurs anctres, semble frquemment viol. Les scientifiques esprent que des habitats impntrables subsistent, refuges de communauts non recenses. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">F. de Waal n'invente pas l'volution de l'espce bonobo, qui demeure mystrieuse, mais il nous invite  nous interroger sur nos origines. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">2 SEXUALITE ET VIOLENCE ( doc) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les bonobos substituent le sexe  la violence <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span class="emphasis"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Chimpanz et bonobo se ressemblent beaucoup, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">mais la <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">violence du premier fait place  une sexualit dbride chez le second</span>. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"> qui lhomme ressemble-t-il le plus? <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le bonobo, un proche cousin du chimpanz, est connu depuis 1929, mais na t tudi sur le terrain que depuis les annes 70. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Cet animal tonnamment proche de nous a rvolutionn la perception quont les primatologues des origines de lhumanit. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">A</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">lors que les chimpanzs rglent leurs conflits par la violence, les bonobos, eux, ont recours  une sexualit parfois dbride pour les rsoudre.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"> Ds lors, les primates, dont lhomme, napparaissent plus comme des cratures condamnes aux luttes de pouvoir. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les chimpanzs forment une socit domine par les mles, contrairement  ce qui se passe chez les bonobos, o ce sont les femelles qui dominent le groupe. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les deux espces pratiquent la chasse en groupe et le partage de la nourriture, mais seuls les chimpanzs connaissent des affrontements politiques et mme une forme primitive de guerre. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Cest que chez les bonobos, le sexe se substitue  lagressivit. Tant les mles que les femelles connaissent lorgasme. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les pratiques sexuelles de ces singes tonnants comprennent des attouchements  deux ou  plus, entre partenaires de sexe oppos ou non, ainsi que le baiser sur la bouche, la masturbation, la fellation et la copulation dans toutes les positions, y compris celle du missionnaire qui est cense tre le propre de lhomme... <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Cette sexualit dbride, notent les primatologies, encourage le partage et sert  apaiser les tensions ou  se rconcilier. Elle permet aux bonobos de se mettre  la place de lautre. Compar au chimpanz, le bonobo est un matre de la communication sociale. Son cousin ne lemporte que dans la manipulation dobjets et dans lorientation spatiale. Et de qui lhumain est-il le plus proche? Difficile  dire, mais ltude du bonobo jette un curieux clairage sur nos socits. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">E LE CHIMPANZE, TOUJOURS PLUS PRES DE L'HOMME (doc)</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">&quot;Jusqu' la fin des annes 1960, on considrait les chimpanzs un peu comme de nobles sauvages rousseauistes. Ils se dplaaient dans la fort de manire autonome, en formant des groupes, apparemment au hasard. Ces congrgations toujours changeantes donnaient l'impression d'ignorer les liens durables, exception faite des rapports mre-enfant&quot;, ajoute Frans de Waal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Les chimpanzs, affirme-t-il, et avec lui quelques autres primates non humains, ont, eux aussi, une culture. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Par ce mot, Frans de Waal n'entend bien sr ni le langage ni l'ducation, et autres critres typiquement humains. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">&quot;La culture est un mode de vie partag par les membres d'un groupe, mais pas forcment avec ceux d'autres groupes de la mme espce. Elle recouvre le savoir, les habitudes, les comptences, tendances et prfrences sous-jacentes comprises, drivs de la frquentation des autres et de l'apprentissage auprs d'eux&quot;, prcise-t-il. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Si l'on suit cette dfinition, il faut alors se rendre  l'vidence&nbsp;: </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">Si l'on suit cette dfinition, il faut alors se rendre  l'vidence&nbsp;: <span style="color:#CC3333">la culture n'est pas, et n'a jamais t, le propre de l'homme. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">A Gombe, en Tanzanie, les chimpanzs plongent une longue baguette dans les fourmilires, laissant monter sur cet outil des centaines de fourmis avant de l'ter et de le dpouiller vivement de sa rcolte. Dans la fort Ta, en Cte d'Ivoire, la pche aux fourmis est plus rudimentaire, mais la chasse aux antilopes se pratique collectivement, avec une rpartition des rles trs labore. Plus troublant encore&nbsp;: sur ce mme site, comme sur celui de Bossou, en Guine, les singes se transmettent une savante technique pour casser les noix d'lis (le palmier  huile), parmi les noix les plus dures du monde. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le 17 juin 1999, la revue Nature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>publie un<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>article&nbsp;: &quot;Cultures chez les chimpanzs&quot;, tude publie par neuf grands noms de la primatologie mondiale, recense 65 types de comportements &quot;culturels&quot; dont la pratique, transmise de parents  enfants, peut tre totalement ignore par la communaut voisine. On retrouve l, bien sr, la pche aux termites et le cassage de noix. Mais aussi la &quot;danse de la pluie&quot;, parade pleine d'excitation par laquelle tous les groupes de singes saluent le dclenchement d'averses tropicales. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp; <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">F COMPARAISON HOMMES -CHIMPANZES ( Doc) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">I- Comparaison Homme - Chimpanz</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> :<span style="color:black"> critres dappartenance  la ligne humaine <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Mme sil existe de nombreuses diffrences, certaines dentre elles sont particulirement importantes car elles ont d conditionner lvolution ultrieure de la ligne. Cest notamment le cas de la station bipde. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR">Station bipde : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le chimpanz utilise deux modes de locomotion : la brachiation, dans les arbres, et une marche quadrupde, sur le sol. Il est capable de se tenir debout momentanment, mais son squelette ne lui permet pas de maintenir cette position. Au contraire, lHomme prsente une station debout et une marche bipde. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Cette diffrence est lie  des diffrences de squelettes : colonne vertbrale (4 courbures chez lHomme, 1 courbure chez le Chimpanz), structure du bassin et de larticulation du fmur, position du trou occipital, longueur des membres, par exemple. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">La station debout a, vraisemblablement, t  lorigine dune autre diffrence importante entre lHomme et le Chimpanz, laugmentation du volume crbral. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR">Volume crbral : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">LHomme est caractris aussi par un cerveau beaucoup plus gros que celui du Chimpanz (1500 cm<sup>3</sup> contre 450 cm<sup>3</sup>). Cet accroissement est parallle  une rduction de la prognathie et a vraisemblablement t  lorigine de bien dautres caractristiques humaines. Parmi elles, la culture. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR">Culture technique : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Une des caractristiques essentielles de lHomme est sa capacit  fabriquer des outils et  transmettre son savoir-faire au cours des gnrations. De cette manire, les techniques se sont perfectionnes sans cesse, ce qui nest pas le cas des quelques outils utiliss par les Chimpanzs. Ceci na pu tre possible que parce que la main tait libre de la locomotion et, probablement aussi, en raison du dveloppement dun langage articul. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR">Langage articul : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le langage articul marque le dveloppement dune pense abstraite, conceptuelle qui fait galement partie des principaux critres de dfinition de lespce humaine. Cette pense a conduit en outre  la culture au sens large, cest  dire  toutes les manifestations artistiques, magico-religieuses, sociales etc. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Si les Chimpanzs ne rpondent  aucun des critres prcdents, il nen est pas de mme de divers fossiles de primates ayant exist depuis 4  5 Ma et que lon considre comme faisant partie de la ligne humaine car ils ont acquis telle ou telle caractristique. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">II- Les tapes de lhominisation <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les plus anciens fossiles que lon rattache  la ligne humaine sont les </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Australopithques</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">. Ce sont en effet les plus anciens primates  avoir acquis la station debout, mme si elle ntait pas parfaite. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Lge de leurs fossiles va de - 4  - 1.5 Ma. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le premier reprsentant du genre Homo est Homo habilis, capable de fabriquer des outils et prsentant dj un dveloppement crbral trs suprieur aux singes ce qui ntait pas le cas des australopithques. Il vivait il y a environ 2 Ma. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Au cours des tapes suivantes, </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">laccroissement du volume crbral va continuer progressivement et le langage articul apparatre. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Il est difficile den dterminer la date exacte. Avec H. erectus, le feu est matris (environ 1.5  1 Ma) tandis que les techniques se perfectionnent. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les premiers rites funraires sont observs chez lHomme de Neandertal ce qui tmoigne dune pense abstraite et de croyances magico-religieuses. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Conclusion <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les caractristiques principales de lespce humaine, bipdie, dveloppement du cerveau et culture sont donc apparues progressivement au cours de son volution. Elles ont accentu les diffrences avec les singes anthropomorphes dont lvolution na pas t marque par de tels changements mme sils restent trs proches de nous sur le plan gntique.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<span style="color:blue"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333; mso-ansi-language:FR">G COMPORTEMENTS DES CHIMPANZES ( Doc) <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les fils ne quittent jamais leur mre et le clan. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> maturit sexuelle, les femelles migrent vers d'autres groupes  la recherche d'un partenaire pour fonder <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>leur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>propre famille <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Quand ils sont inquiets et nerveux, les chimpanzs ont besoin de contacts physiques rassurants. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les chimpanzs ressentent de la compassion pour les plus faibles</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">. Dans les dplacements, la troupe ralentie le pas pour leur permettre de suivre. Les blessures inaccessibles sont nettoyes (avec des feuilles mches ou par lchage) par un ami ou un membre de la famille pour enlever la salet et loigner les mouches. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">L</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">es chimpanzs sont une espce d'individus au temprament nerveux et anxieux vivant frquemment la dpendance affective. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Ceci est d  ce que leurs attentes vis  vis des autres sont normes. C'est pourquoi, ils sont motionnellement trs dmonstratifs et instables.<br> Ces relations nvrotiques (troubles affectifs et motionnels qui n'altrent pas l'intgrit des fonctions mentales) sont courantes galement chez l'espce humaine o le dveloppement social est  son paroxysme.<br> Pour eux comme pour nous, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">la recherche de la fusion avec l'autre est un besoin naturel </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">qui rsulte invitablement d'un processus inconscient et intrinsque. C'est comme si chaque tentative de rapprochement et d'union tait l'expression du besoin passionn de retrouver l'unit perdue. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Sociables , les chimpanzs dveloppent des relations qui durent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>souvent une vie entire pouvant mme sauter des gnrations. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Embrasser, treindre et tenir la main sont des formes d'expression communes entre humains et grands singes anthropodes<br> Les liens sociaux tant prioritaires au sein de leur communaut, les chimpanzs consacrent un temps fou, une nergie exalte et une intelligence perspicace  apprendre l'tiquette de la vie sociale et les rgles hirarchiques. Ils sont matres dans l'art subtil de manipuler les motions et grer les prfrences et privilges. Plus un chimpanz a d'amis bien placs dans l'organisation sociale plus il sera puissant. Il a donc tout  gagner en fraternisant avec ses congnres. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'amiti chez les chimpanzs exige des preuves constantes.<br> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR">.<br> <span style="color:#CC3333">tant trs dpendants des autres, les toilettages attentifs, presque compulsifs entre individus, justifient le besoin de se rassurer mutuellement sur une amiti vulnrable, toujours susceptible de diminuer si elle n'est pas entretenue. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le toilettage se fait entre deux ou plusieurs individus d'un mme groupe. Concrtement, ce rituel permet aux chimpanzs d'tablir des relations, approfondir la connaissance des autres, obtenir des faveurs et apaiser les disputes.<br> Cependant, cette pratique sociale ne se fait pas au hasard des rencontres. Ne toilette pas qui veut et vice versa ! L'pouillage rvle donc qui sont les vrais amis car les chimpanzs sont slectifs dans le choix de leurs partenaires. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Socialement ambitieux, ils s'associent  ceux qui les feront monter dans la hirarchie.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><br> Comme chez l'humain, autant sur le plan motionnel que social, leurs motivations sont dnudes de gratuit <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les chimpanzs prfrent rester en petits sous-groupes de 3  6 individus gardant contact avec le reste de leur communaut natale  l'aide de cris  travers la fort. Lorsque deux ou plusieurs sous-groupes se rencontrent, ceux-ci se dfont et des nouveaux se forment. Il arrive que certains individus repartent seuls. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Attach  un territoire dfini, protg par les mles, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">l'ensemble de la communaut se runit parfois pour rgler un litige dlicat qui rsonne bruyamment attirant tous les membres du groupe disperss dans la fort. Chacun prend parti pour les uns ou les autres. Les chimpanzs tant trs extravertis, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">tout le monde met du sien jusqu' ce que les attaques succdent aux embrassades entre opposants. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Ce type de structure sociale &quot;fusion-fission&quot; rappelle les socits humaines de type &quot;chasseurs-cueilleurs&quot;.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"> L'instabilit des sous-groupes de chimpanzs et la grande taille des communauts conduisent  des situations sociales constamment en volution. Ce jeu complexe de relations qui se font et se dfont demande de la part de chaque individu un grand talent d'adaptation. Le chimpanz et l'humain sont les cratures les plus adaptables de la plante. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les machinations sociales des chimpanzs servent aussi  mentir, trahir et duper leurs semblables dans le but de s'approprier le pouvoir.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR"><br> Les chimpanzs organisent de vritables &quot;campagnes lectorales&quot; en essayant, par la diplomatie et la sduction, d'obtenir le soutien des femelles en pouillant leur pelage ou en jouant avec leurs petits. Cette stratgie rappelle celle de nos politiciens qui embrassent et caressent la tte des enfants dans les lieux publiques pour s'attirer des votes.<br> Les &quot;guerres&quot; ne se font pas toujours dans l'hostilit. Des manigances subtiles prennent parfois trois ou quatre ans avant d'aboutir  une violence fatale o l'un des groupes anantis totalement l'autre.<br> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">Les &quot;renversements de pouvoir&quot; ne sont pas rares chez les chimpanzs. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Des intrigues  l'intrieur d'un groupe sont aussi la source de tensions multiples mettant  dure preuve les rapports de force entre individus.<br> C'est ainsi que l'on a pu observer, <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Des mles s'allient d'abord au chef de la communaut puis avec son rival pour avoir accs aux femelles<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>rceptives. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Des femelles qui s'aventurent secrtement dans un autre clan (liaisons fatales) pour rencontrer des mles lorsqu'elles sont &quot; tout feu tout flamme &quot;. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language:FR">L'ADN d'une communaut Ta a dmontr que 7 petits sur 13 taient illgitimes. </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Ces femelles qui trompent la vigilance des mles risquent gros et la vie des enfants illgitimes est souvent en danger. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Des femelles qui se cachent dans les buissons pour viter certains mles avec qui elles ne veulent pas s'accoupler. Elles risquent une racle si elles sont dcouvertes <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Des mles qui obligent les femelles  les suivre pour une ballade et ... <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Tous ces liens dynamisent la nature chimpanz.. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Arrivistes et querelleurs, les chimpanzs et les humains dfendent leur territoire.<br> Les subalternes, qu'ils soient chimpanz ou humain crent des coalitions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pour prendre le pouvoir.<br> Les deux vivent en groupes domins par une minorit dominante. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le mle dominant se laisse facilement manipuler par les femelles dominantes. Il fond littralement devant le sexe oppos. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Il est le plus fort, le plus sduisant et le plus difficile  renverser mais, son orgueil le rend quelques fois naf devant ce &quot;pseudo&quot; sexe faible. Les guenons savent tirer profits et avantages de cette situation : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Une favorite peut demander au mle alpha de lui prouver sa prfrence en l'incitant  charger sa rivale.<br> Si les guenons s'indignent en criant devant une injustice et que les femelles dominantes les appuient, le chef abandonne trs vite ses sanctions, mais non sans colre qu'il essaie de contenir et de cacher en se masquant le visage avec une main. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">L'intervention des femelles dans la rconciliation entre mles : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Bien que les femelles entre elles soient plus rancunires que les mles et qu'elles ne font pas facilement la paix, elles ont tout de mme un rle essentiel  jouer dans la cohabitation et l'harmonie du groupe. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Grce aux liens maternels qu'elles entretiennent avec jeunes et moins jeunes des deux sexes, elles peuvent aider les mles  se rconcilier sans qu'ils perdent la face. Cette disposition  la mdiation fait d'elles des tampons qui empchent les mles frustrs de se dfouler sur les femelles et les petits. Elle vise donc  protger l'intrt gnral de la communaut. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Si deux mles s'ignorent et ne parviennent pas  se rconcilier, une femelle dominante ou bien situe dans le rang social, s'approche de l'un d'eux et se fait toiletter. Ensuite elle l'attire vers son ennemi et se fait toiletter simultanment par les deux mles. Mine de rien, elle s'esquive pour laisser les adversaires se toiletter mutuellement en guise de paix. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les femelles passent beaucoup de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>temps ensemble. Elles se choisissent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>par analogie d'ge, leur position dans la hirarchie et selon leurs affinits et les possibilits de coopration. La maternit est un bon motif pour attirer la sympathie et l'empathie. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les guenons traversent les phases importantes de la vie ensemble : enfance et jeu, premire mise bas et maternit. Leurs petits grandissent ensemble.<br> Lorsqu'une femelle est prte  accoucher, les autres l'entourent avec curiosit et motions. Les proches amies de la future mre iront jusqu' prendre la mme position qu'elle pour l'aider. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le chef est en majorit lu par les femelles</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"> <span style="color:#CC3333">et la dominance, malgr les privilges des individus de haut rang, devient lgitime lorsqu'elle est accepte par les individus de bas rang qui reprsente la majorit</span><span style="color:black">. C'est ce que les humains appellent la &quot;dmocratie reprsentative&quot;. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR">Une enfance prolonge </span></u></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">:<br> Les enfants chimpanzs sont dpendants de leur mre et de leur famille jusqu' l'ge de 10-15 ans. T</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR">:<br> Les enfants chimpanzs sont dpendants de leur mre et de leur famille jusqu' l'ge de 10-15 ans. T<span style="color:#CC3333">andis que la femelle peut tre mre vers l'ge de 11-12 ans, le mle atteint sa maturit sociale vers 15 ans.</span><span style="color:black"> Ayant une vie et une intelligence sociale trs dveloppe, les enfants chimpanzs ont normment de rgles sociales  apprendre par imitation des adultes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:#CC3333;mso-ansi-language: FR">Les mres sont exemplaires et l'amour maternel qu'elles portent  leurs petits n'a gure d'gal que celui de la femme pour son enfant. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Lorsque les femelles cherchent  s'lever dans la hirarchie c'est pour assurer l'avenir de leur progniture en leur donnant accs aux meilleures sources de nourriture et  une sorte d'assurance tacite contre les agressions intempestives des mles. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language: FR">Bien que les chimpanzs aiment se tenir en groupe, ils ont aussi leurs moments de solitude, surtout lorsqu'ils se reposent et s'assoupissent. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<u1:p>  </u1:p> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue; mso-ansi-language:FR">H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>INSTINCTS ET PULSIONS</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"> <u1:p> </u1:p> </span></u></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Ils<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>rpondent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>tous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>l'objectif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>du<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>maintien de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>l'intgrit physique et nergtique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>d'un l'individu. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">L'extrme complexit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>des mcanismes biologiques,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>effleurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>prcdemment, rend compte<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>du fait que la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>vie est la rsultante d'une infinit de micro adaptations depuis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>des milliards d'annes. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Mme, si<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>l'on peut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>vouer une grande admiration pour les scientifiques qui ont commenc  dcoder une partie des lois naturelles, l'attitude<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>des plus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>minents spcialistes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ne peut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>tre que l'humilit. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Ils<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>savent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>que la partie de ce qu'ils ont compris de ces lois naturelles est insignifiante par rapport<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span> l'tendue de la complexit de la nature. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Aucun scientifique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ne peut  ce jour<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>comprendre et reproduire le niveau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de complexit et surtout d'efficacit de la nature, dans un objectif de survie  long terme des espces qui habitent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la biosphre</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Aucun ne peut mme imaginer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qu'un jour,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>il sera capable de faire la synthse<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de la plus lmentaire des cellules vivantes reproductibles. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Le scientifique se contente<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de copier<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>une<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>part<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>insignifiante de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ce que la nature a russi  gnrer.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Son matre incontest est donc la nature qui ne peut lui inspirer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qu'une grande admiration. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Et c'est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>prcisment cette nature qui dicte aux animaux, dont l'animal humain, ses comportements<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>instinctifs. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">L'instinct est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>une instruction code,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>formule par<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la nature. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Comme je l'ai prcdemment<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>fait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>remarquer, un sicle d'interventionnisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>humain, a t plus destructeur pour la biosphre que<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>plusieurs milliards d'annes d'volution. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Qui ose, dans ces conditions parler de bas instincts, si la synergie des actions induites par<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>les<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>comportements<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>instinctifs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>conduit <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la survie de la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>biosphre <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>long terme. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Rien n'est plus noble que l'instinct. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Les manipulateurs pervers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui dominent l'humanit ont parfaitement compris que<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>si le peuple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>suivait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>son<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>instinct de survie, il<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>dissiperait une nergie qui s'opposerait  leurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>desseins de parasite. Pour faire grossir des bufs, tous les leveurs savent qu'ils doivent bouger le moins possible<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>et c'est pourquoi l'levage en stabulation est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>conomiquement plus rentable  cours terme,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>que l'levage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>en milieu naturel. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">L'ignoble insmination artificielle se substitue  un accouplement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>naturel. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Les sophismes de la morale et de toutes les doctrines philosophiques, politiques et religieuses,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>ont pour seul objectif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>d'asservir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>le peuple<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pour le parasiter. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Dans la mesure ou la nature inspire  tous les individus l'expression d'un instinct de Dans la mesure ou la nature inspire  tous les individus l'expression d'un instinct de survie, les manipulateurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ont discrdit l'instinct. Ils ont invent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>une mystification<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de l'homme visant uniquement  le<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>transformer en troupeau servile, totalement dvou<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span> leurs desseins. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Si l'homme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>se laissait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>guider par la nature, il ne<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>se laisserait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pas asservir facilement. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Il opposerait une<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>rsistance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span> tous ceux qui veulent le manipuler ou le dtruire. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Pour dtruire cette force d'inertie, il fallait dtruire la rfrence  la nature. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Toutes les vertus extrapoles de l'observation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>les lois naturelles s'opposent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span> la morale mystificatrice des manipulateurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>: <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">- </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">La souffrance n'est pas une vertu <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">- L'effort par exemple est une souffrance. L'homme n'est majoritairement pas masochiste,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>comme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>voudraient nous le faire croire les<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>esprits<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>dvoys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language: FR">Le principe physique de moindre action<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Lagrangien, montre que la nature choisit toujours de faire le moindre effort. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Un prdateur n'est pas assez dbile pour courir en zigzaguant pour atteindre sa proie, alors qu'il sait que la ligne droite lui conomisera des efforts. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">- L'absence de raction face  une agression<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>ou pire,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>comme le suggre la bible, tendre l'autre joue  celui qui vous a frapp relve<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>encore de la plus haute<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pathologie. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">U</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">n individu que l'on agresse dans la nature choisira<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la solution qui mettra fin  sa souffrance : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- soit en se dfendant, mme, si pour cela il doit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>mourir ou tuer son agresseur. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- soit en se sauvant, s'il estime ne pouvoir se dfendre. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- soit en faisant stratgiquement allgeance  son adversaire. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">De la mme faon, tuer gratuitement, thsauriser<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ou gaspiller des biens et des richesses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>dont on ne peut pas tirer une jouissance, est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>totalement contre nature. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">-</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>Le plaisir n'est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>pas un pch. Il est associ, au contraire,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>toutes les exigences<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de survie, telles que les lois lmentaires de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la biologie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>nous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>l'enseignent : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- le plaisir de manger<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ou de respirer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>rpond  la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>fonction<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>mtabolique<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>consiste  grer les ressources nergtiques et matrielles de la cellule et de l'organisme pluricellulaire qui en dpend. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- les plaisirs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>cueillette, de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la chasse, de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la pche<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui impliquent l'appropriation d'un territoire sont directement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>associs  cette ncessit pour l'homme de se sustenter, ce<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>qui lui dicte de se procurer ses subsistances, sans aucune proccupation morale<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>restriction d'accs  un territoire ou  une quelconque notion de bien d'autrui. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">La conscience<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de l'inadquation de toute forme d'interdit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>permet de comprendre le caractre illgitime de l'appropriation par certains,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de l'espace et des richesses,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui constituent un patrimoine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>universel. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>- le plaisir de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>copuler<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>rpond<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>au besoin pour l'individu de se reproduire. L</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">a vie des bonobos nous montre qu'en dehors de toute fonction reproductive,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>les individus apprcient au plus haut point,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>toutes les formes d'attouchements et jeux sexuels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>sans considration<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>d'age ou de sexe. Cette attitude<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>apporte aux individus un panouissement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>dont il rsulte une absence quasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>totale d'agressivit. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Le refoulement<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>des pulsions instinctives, aux motifs fallacieux d'une morale inepte,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>la cause de toutes les agressivits<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui sont les vecteurs<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>et de&nbsp; la plupart des comportements violents et destructeurs de l'humanit. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">Les instincts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>nous dictent la recherche<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>immdiate de la jouissance et l'vitement de la souffrance de mme que la prolongation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>biologique de notre moi dans le futur : <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">1)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>La<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>recherche des moyens de survie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>se confond avec la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>recherche de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>jouissance</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">a)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>territoire : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language: FR">le territoire est l'exigence basale de la survie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pour tous les individus de toutes les espces.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"> Sans territoire, l'individu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ne peut disposer d'un habitat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>d'un<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>biotope  l'intrieur duquel il pourra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>prlever<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>les ressources dont il a besoin, au risque d'tre lui-mme l'objet de prlvement d'un autre prdateur. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Curieusement, ce droit naturel fondamental, qui constitue l'exigence basale<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>de survie, ne<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>fait nullement partie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>des droits imprescriptibles de l'homme dit moderne. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">En l'absence de territoire, un individu nat sur le territoire d'un autre en situation d'asservissement. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>ressources. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language: FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:blue;mso-ansi-language:FR">- instinct de chasse</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"> <span style="color:black">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>existe t'il un moyen plus naturel que de prlever les animaux dont on veut se nourrir, dans leur milieu naturel. C'est  l'vidence, le seul mode acceptable de prlvement. L'levage est une trahison consistant  berner l'animal en le nourrissant, pour mieux l'exploiter. C'est<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la faon la plus sure de contribuer  la dgnrescence des espces. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">La fabrication artificielle d'espces slectionnes fait courir un grand danger<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>aux quilibres<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>naturels<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>car la<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>fiabilit de la survie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>ne peut rsulter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>que de<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>la biodiversit. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR">Les<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>prtendus &quot;colos&quot; qui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>luttent contre les chasseurs, feraient mieux de se proccuper du sort des animaux d'levage, tels que les poulets en batterie, qui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>subissent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>les traitements les plus ignobles que l'on puisse <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>rserver aux animaux. Les pcheurs et les<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>chasseurs sont certainement ceux qui ressentent le<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>mieux l'appel de la nature. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Prendre le risque d'tre tu par un prdateur, mme s'il s'agit de l'homme, est une loi de la nature,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>qui donne  un animal la possibilit d'avoir vcu une existence normale. <u1:p> </u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: &quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:FR"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span>Natre dans une usine d'levage de poulets, sans<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>jamais voir la lumire du jour, et vivre entasss sans avoir jamais rencontr la nature et la vie en libert, pour terminer, dans une machine qui vous tue et qui vous dpce, est une ignominie inqualifiable. <u1:p> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial Narrow&quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp; <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR-CA">Les prdateurs naturels sont indispensables<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>pour assurer un quilibre cologique.<u1:p>  </u1:p> </span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR-CA">Si, globalement, le plus gros mange le plus petit, il en rsulte, qu'en fin de chane alimentaire, se trouvent les micro-organismes. L'limination par l'homme de la plupart des espces sauvages<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>visibles, qui le menaaient a conduit  la prolifration des espces les plus petites.<u1:p>  </u1:p> </span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR-CA">Et il n'est pas aussi facile de dtruire des insectes que de dtruire des lphants. En sorte, qu'il n'est pas interdit de penser, qu'un jour les hommes se feront dvorer par des in 
