<html>  <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <title>G. Boss: L'expression philosophique sur ordinateur (programme CRSH)</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles/gblaval.css"> <meta name="Microsoft Border" content="tb, default"> </head>  <body stylesrc="index.htm" background="images/parchemin3.jpg"><!--msnavigation--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td>  <table border="0" width="100%">   <tr>     <td width="50%">       <h2>Gilbert Boss</h2>     </td>     <td width="50%">       <p align="right"><a href="index.htm">Sommaire</a></td>   </tr> </table>  </td></tr><!--msnavigation--></table><!--msnavigation--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><!--msnavigation--><td valign="top">  <p>&nbsp;</p> <p align="right"><a href="pdf/expression%20philosophique%20sur%20ordinateur.pdf">Version PDF</a></p> <h1 align="center">L'expression philosophique sur ordinateur</h1> <p align="center">(Recherche subventionne par le CRSH)<a name="_ftnref*" href="#_ftn*">*</a></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <div class="Section1">   <h2 align="center"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Rsum du   programme de recherche<o:p>   </o:p>   </span></h2>   <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">La   recherche propose sur les modes dexpression de la philosophie sur   ordinateur fait partie dun domaine dtude plus gnral sur les divers   dispositifs discursifs  luvre dans la philosophie. Lhypothse   guidant ces recherches est que les discours des philosophes sont   essentiellement marqus par leurs moyens dexpression et que ceux-ci   influent donc de manire importante sur les formes de la pense. La prsence   des ordinateurs et de la culture informatique dans notre socit devrait   donc signifier pour la philosophie la possibilit de transformations   nouvelles. Il sagit dtudier ces nouvelles possibilits dexpression   et leur fonction philosophique.<o:p>   </o:p>   </span></p>   <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Cette   recherche abordera la question sous divers aspects. Elle comprendra des enqutes   dordre empirique, pour recenser sur Internet et ailleurs dans la culture   informatique les faits pertinents concernant ce rapport de la pense et de   lordinateur. Elle comportera des aspects danalyse et de critique de ces   faits et des notions impliques dans lide dun tel rapport. Elle aura   galement des aspects de cration, dans les tentatives pour laborer les lments   de nouveaux modes dexpression de la pense sur ordinateur.<o:p>   </o:p>   </span></p>   <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Ses   motivations sont essentiellement de deux ordres. Dabord, il y a dans ltude   des relations entre la pense et ses moyens dexpression un enjeu gnral   concernant la nature de la philosophie, puisque la dfinition du domaine de   la pense et de la philosophie diffre selon que les influences ou dpendances   rciproques entre la pense et ses moyens dexpression sont plus ou moins   importantes. Ensuite, il y a un enjeu plus concret ou actuel&nbsp;: au moment   o les esprits se plongent toujours plus dans les mondes virtuels engendrs   par les nouvelles techniques de linformation et de la communication, il   importe de savoir si la philosophie peut sy exercer galement pour   rejoindre les gens l o ils exercent leur esprit, et de voir comment elle   pourrait le faire.<o:p>   </o:p>   </span></p> </div> <span lang="FR" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always;mso-break-type:section-break"> </span> <h2 align="center"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Description<o:p> </o:p> </span></h2> <h3><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Objectif<o:p> </o:p> </span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Dans la recherche dcrite ici, il sagit dtudier quelles sont les possibilits expressives de lordinateur et de lensemble des moyens techniques qui y sont lis (comme Internet, par exemple) pour la pense philosophique, ainsi que de chercher  estimer quelles pourront tre les influences rciproques<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </span>entre ces nouvelles possibilits expressives et la pense philosophique qui les utilisera.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Cette recherche sinscrit dans un cadre philosophique plus large,  savoir ltude des rapports entre les modes du discours philosophique et la pense philosophique elle-mme,  partir de lhypothse que la philosophie ne consiste pas en de simples systmes dides abstraites, mais bien en des uvres littraires dun genre particulier, dans lesquelles les concepts jouent un rle dterminant, mais sans se dgager des modes concrets de leur expression.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <h3><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Contexte <o:p> </o:p> </span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">On admet dhabitude quune philosophie consiste pour lessentiel en la doctrine cense la constituer et que, quelle que soit leur importance, les dispositifs discursifs grce auxquels elle prend la forme dune uvre, gnralement littraire, restent accessoires et ordonns tout entiers  lexposition de la doctrine. Cest pourquoi ltude des philosophies se concentre avant tout sur leur aspect doctrinal, rservant aux dispositifs discursifs un intrt secondaire. Cest seulement dans le cas de philosophes dont les uvres se situent videmment  la limite de la philosophie et de la littrature (comme chez Platon, Montaigne, Pascal, Kierkegaard ou Nietzsche, par exemple) quune attention aux aspects formels simpose davantage, sans renverser pourtant, chez les interprtes philosophes du moins, la priorit accorde  la doctrine. Or le travail dinterprtation des philosophies que je mne depuis longtemps, en grande partie sur des philosophes qui ne sont pas considrs comme ports spcialement  la littrature dans leurs uvres philosophiques, comme Descartes, Hobbes ou Spinoza, me confirme toujours davantage dans lide quil est important de tenir le plus grand compte en toute philosophie des formes prcises dans lesquelles la pense sexprime, non seulement en ce qui concerne la logique argumentative, mais aussi touchant les aspects plus littraires (en un sens large) des textes. Dautre part, certains recours  dautres aspects du discours que purement conceptuels dans le dbat philosophique, comme dans la remarquable critique faite  Heidegger par Adorno  partir de lanalyse de son jargon</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[1]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">, confirment cette ide que le sens mme dune philosophie est impliqu dans sa forme discursive. Ainsi, dans le mme ordre dides, on comprend mal le mlange dintrt et dirritation de la part de Wittgenstein face  lexpos systmatique de sa pense par Waisman</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[2]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">, si lon ne prend pas garde  la diffrence des styles entre les deux philosophes.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Or, sans tre totalement rests hors de lattention des interprtes ou des penseurs qui ont rflchi sur lacte de philosopher, ces aspects ont t gnralement plutt ngligs. Cest ainsi par exemple que les remarquables travaux dtienne Souriau sur la structure concrte des uvres philosophiques, quil a exposs surtout dans son ouvrage magistral, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Linstauration philosophique</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR" class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">[3]</i></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"> nont pas eu une influence comparable  celle des travaux parallles de Martial Gueroult, plus strictement concentrs sur la structure conceptuelle des systmes philosophiques.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Jai remarqu ci-dessus que certaines philosophies exprimes videmment dans des genres plus littraires avaient forc en quelque sorte lattention des interprtes  se tourner vers la considration des modalits de leur discours. Cest videmment le cas dun Nietzsche, et ce nest pas un hasard si un grand courant contemporain qui sen rclame, celui de la dconstruction, lui a non seulement consacr des tudes visant le lien entre les aspects littraires et philosophiques de ses textes</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[4]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">, mais a galement trouv dans ce genre dtude un levier pour oprer prcisment la dconstruction en philosophie</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[5]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. En ce sens, il y a galement quelques points de contact entre mes recherches et celles du courant rattach  J.&nbsp;Derrida, bien que lesprit en soit diffrent, mon but ntant pas la dconstruction. De mme, lattention  laspect pratique de la philosophie antique conduit un P.&nbsp;Hadot  considrer autrement le discours philosophique que selon son pur aspect systmatique</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[6]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">On aurait pu sattendre  voir natre un intrt pour ces aspects de lexpression littraire en philosophie dans un autre courant de la philosophie contemporaine, celui de la philosophie du langage. Mais, videmment, toute une partie de cette tradition est concentre sur les aspects les plus abstraits, gnraux, du langage et de la logique, de sorte que le ct plus littraire des uvres philosophiques reste en dehors de ce type de proccupations. Pourtant, la thorie des actes de discours, dveloppe  la suite dAustin  et ne  Oxford, dans un milieu sensible  la langue dans toutes ses dimensions , paraissait propre  susciter des tudes des modes discursifs utiliss en philosophie. Et cette approche a eu son importance a et l, quoique dune manire assez accessoire, lattraction de labstraction logique ayant domin dans ce courant galement, comme on le voit dans certains des derniers dveloppements de la thorie des actes discursifs</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[7]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Par rapport  lesprit de ses dbuts surtout, dans les recherches dAustin, mes propres recherches ont quelques liens avec le type de considrations qui ont conduit au dveloppement de la thorie des actes discursifs.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Citons encore un autre genre de travaux dont les affinits avec ma recherche sont videntes: il sagit des tudes de la philosophie prsente dans les uvres littraires elles-mmes, surtout quand, comme chez P.&nbsp;Macherey, il ne sagit pas simplement danalyser les lments de philosophie dun crivain exprims directement dans son uvre, mais danalyser la porte philosophique de ces uvres prises en tant quuvres littraires</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[8]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Il sagit l en quelque sorte des tudes complmentaires  celles des modalits du discours philosophique que je propose.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Enfin, il faudrait mentionner les essais de renouveler le style des recherches philosophiques, comme par exemple dans les ouvrages, ns de recherches menes dans le cadre du Groupe d'tude des Discours Philosophiques, dA.&nbsp;Staquet</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[9]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"> et de J.-G.&nbsp;Deschnes</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[10]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">*<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Vu que les interprtes de la philosophie se concentrent sur laspect systmatique de la philosophie et quils jouent un rle capital dans la conception que nous avons aujourdhui de cette discipline, y compris chez les &nbsp;purs&nbsp; philosophes eux-mmes, il nest pas tonnant que les nouveaux moyens expressifs devenus disponibles avec les nouvelles techniques informatiques naient pas t lobjet dune trs grande curiosit de la part du monde philosophique. Plusieurs ont certes rflchi  la manire dont ces techniques pouvaient influer sur la socit et sur nos comportements</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[11]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. On sest inquit des dangers qui pouvaient natre dune utilisation gnralise de ces moyens. On a mme tent dutiliser ces nouvelles techniques de manire marginale, comme des outils susceptibles daider dans lanalyse des discours existants de la philosophie  cest le cas minemment dans lanalyse lexicale qui a donn lieu  de nombreux index informatiss duvres dauteurs classiques de la philosophie</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[12]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. De mme, on a constitu dimportantes bibliothques lectroniques duvres philosophiques, dont la consultation selon dautres approches que la lecture squentielle est grandement facilite. Autrement dit, outre la fonction de modle et de dfi qua pu avoir lintelligence artificielle pour la philosophie</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[13]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">, lordinateur a surtout eu, jusquici, un rle dans le domaine de lhistoire de la philosophie et des ides, en tant quoutil dans lapproche des uvres originales de la philosophie, plutt que comme un moyen de donner  la pense de nouveaux modes dexpression. Or il est vident que lordinateur nest depuis longtemps plus un simple outil permettant deffectuer divers calculs, de produire des textes destins  tre imprims ou de faire des recherches complexes dans de tels textes ou dans des ensembles dinformations. Il est devenu lui-mme le lieu o les connaissances, les informations et certains discours trouvent leur place, et en fonction duquel ils prennent aussi leur forme. Les bases de donnes, par exemple, sont des modes de reprsentation des connaissances qui nont pas dquivalents stricts dans limprim, mme sil peut exister des analogies avec certains types dimprims (dont plusieurs sont dailleurs largement influencs aujourdhui par le fait quils sont produits par les ordinateurs). Beaucoup ont dj remarqu aussi combien la navigation sur Internet diffre de la consultation des livres et des bibliothques du fait que la structure du &nbsp;texte&nbsp; est trs diffrente dans les deux cas</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[14]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Dautre part, mme si le fait que la philosophie nous apparat aujourdhui  travers une longue tradition du livre incite  oublier quelle nest pas essentiellement lie  ce moyen dexpression, il reste indubitable que les divers supports du discours philosophique  que ce soit la tradition orale ou lcrit, voire, dans la tradition crite, le rouleau, le livre manuscrit, puis le livre imprim  introduisent des modes de penser diffrents. On nimagine gure la pense de Spinoza dans la bouche de Socrate, et cela non seulement  cause de la distance historique, mais galement parce quelle implique lcrit pour fixer lordre gomtrique que les interprtes estiment gnralement essentiel  la pense de l<i>thique</i></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[15]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Sil est vrai que, dune manire qui reste  dterminer plus prcisment, les modes et techniques dexpression de la philosophie influent sur elle, il est important dtudier quelles pourraient tre les formes dexpression nouvelles qui deviennent possibles avec les dveloppements de linformatique. Et mme si, comme certains continuent  le penser, il existe une philosophie ternelle pour laquelle les diverses formes dexpression ne reprsentent que les habits sous lesquels elle se fait connatre de manire plus ou moins efficace  ses divers publics, il reste impossible de nier que cest vers lcran que se tourne aujourdhui une partie de plus en plus grande de ces publics, et quil importe donc de trouver les moyens de lui faire rencontrer l galement la philosophie, dans la mesure du possible.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">*<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Il y a plusieurs annes que mes recherches sont orientes vers ces problmes conus tant de manire large que plus restreinte. Depuis le milieu des annes 1980 je me consacre  ltude des possibilits dexpression philosophique sur ordinateur. Je me suis dabord impliqu dans des recherches visant pour lessentiel  llaboration dun langage informatique pour la philosophie. Ces recherches, qui visaient  permettre une certaine forme dautomatisation de calculs logiques et  donner une reprsentation diagrammatique des rseaux de concepts sont arrives  leur fin provisoire, un modle de ce langage ayant t labor</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[16]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Et bien que jespre la voir se poursuivre, je me suis tourn depuis plusieurs annes vers une autre approche, qui est  lorigine de lun de mes derniers ouvrages, un texte philosophique lisible uniquement sur ordinateur, o la forme joue un rle tout  fait essentiel, et cela dune manire vidente</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[17]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Cette approche consiste  ne plus sparer la rflexion sur la constitution dun nouveau langage pour la philosophie sur ordinateur et la rflexion philosophique proprement dite, en considrant quil est prfrable de ne pas les traiter comme deux questions distinctes, mais comme les deux faces dune mme  une option trouvant notamment son appui dans mes recherches sur le lien de la philosophie  ses formes discursives. Il sagissait de mener conjointement une rflexion philosophique abordant des problmes traditionnels de la philosophie et linvention de moyens dexpression appropris sur ordinateur, de manire  ce que ceux-ci naissent dune exigence interne  la pratique philosophique elle-mme, en mme temps quelle lui ouvre des espaces nouveaux. Le renversement de perspective par rapport  la premire approche a abouti  des renversements galement dans la faon de traiter les possibilits informatiques. Alors que, dans le premier type de recherche, il sagissait, dans une approche trs exigeante du point de vue de linformatique, de faire de lordinateur une aide prenant en charge pour le lecteur certains calculs logiques et facilitant la lisibilit de ces liens logiques, dans le second en revanche, la puissance de lordinateur, avec des moyens informatiquement plus simples, est utilise en sens contraire, pour empcher certaines &nbsp;facilits&nbsp; de lecture, et susciter une lecture diffrente et plus exigeante pour le lecteur. Une voie qui montre comment lordinateur ne doit pas ncessairement servir toujours la paresse de la pense, mais peut galement tre utilis pour lutter contre elle et donner  lcrit ce que Platon regrettait de voir manquer en lui, une certaine capacit de rsistance qui lui permette de se dfendre face  des entreprises dinterprtation trop rapide. Remarquons  ce sujet combien cette approche diffre de lambition originaire de lintelligence artificielle, avec laquelle lapproche prcdente avait plus de parent, quoique en en restant distincte aussi.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Paralllement  ces recherches de philosophie sur ordinateur, mes efforts ont port galement durant ces dernires annes sur lhistoire de la philosophie avec des moyens plus traditionnels, dans le mme but dtudier le rapport entre la pense et ses modes dexpression, cette fois dans les uvres des grands philosophes de la tradition moderne. A vrai dire, mon intrt pour les procds discursifs du discours philosophique date de mes tudes et de mes premiers travaux, o je dfendais une conception de la philosophie en tant quart. Contre une conception purement logique ou littrale, je faisais valoir llment littraire et la richesse des procds discursifs du langage philosophique</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[18]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Ce souci ne ma jamais quitt dans ma pratique de linterprtation des philosophies, qui lui doit beaucoup. Mais jai senti plus rcemment la ncessit de faire intervenir de manire plus directe ce genre de rfrence  la structure discursive, comme par exemple dans ltude du rle de lidal humain chez Spinoza, o jutilise certaines contradictions apparentes comme des ressorts permettant daccder  dautres niveaux du texte de l<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">thique</i>, considr non plus dans la seule succession logique superficielle de ses dmonstrations, mais dans la disposition discursive examine pour elle-mme</span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[19]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Dune manire plus directe encore, mon interprtation des rves de Descartes rapports dans ses manuscrits de jeunesse vise explicitement  y dcouvrir les lments dune thorie des fonctions du discours philosophique</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[20]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. De mme,  propos du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Discours de la Mthode</i>, cest par une attention aux moyens discursifs mis en uvre par Descartes pour rflchir la situation discursive de son texte que je propose une nouvelle interprtation de sa rflexion mthodologique</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[21]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Ou encore, lanalyse des aspects discursifs de la ddicace et de la prface des <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Principes</i> met en vidence une conception de la philosophie et de lenseignement philosophique qui place cette uvre dans une autre lumire</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[22]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">. Enfin, pour men tenir aux tudes publies rcemment,  propos de la question du rapport de la philosophie  son histoire, jai tent une analyse de la nature du discours philosophique, en montrant pourquoi celui-ci ne peut se rduire  une forme dargument purement rationnel</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[23]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Dans mon enseignement galement, cet intrt de toujours a trouv durant la dernire dcennie une manire dapparatre explicitement dans mes sminaires de matrise et de doctorat, organiss systmatiquement autour du thme de la nature de la philosophie en tant quuvre, sous les trois titres gnraux suivants: &nbsp;les discours philosophiques&nbsp;, &nbsp;les limites de la raison&nbsp; et &nbsp;linterprtation des philosophies&nbsp;</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[24]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Mon projet de recherche se situe donc dans la continuit aussi bien de mes recherches prcdentes et de mes publications que de mon enseignement. Et je tiens  souligner le rapport entre mes recherches concernant la philosophie sur ordinateur et celles qui concernent le discours philosophique  travers ses ralisations crites traditionnelles, lesprit de ces recherches restant le mme. Cest dire que, contrairement  ce que pourrait faire penser une opinion rpandue sur lordinateur et ses langages, mon souci nest pas de rduire la philosophie  un suppos noyau conceptuel pur et au calcul logique, mais tout au contraire, de tenir compte de sa richesse expressive pour voir comment lordinateur pourrait permettre de lui fournir sur ce point aussi un quivalent du livre. Je crois en effet que lutilisation de lordinateur comme moyen dexpression philosophique ne peut viter le danger trs prsent de devenir rductrice qu la condition pour nous dtre conscients de cette richesse expressive de la philosophie telle quelle sexprime dans limprim (ou dans la communication orale).<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Paralllement  cette recherche, jessaie de mettre sur pied un consortium international permettant aux tudiants de se former dans ce domaine des tudes des rapports entre la philosophie et lordinateur sous ses divers aspects.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <h3 style="tab-stops:301.35pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Mthode<o:p> </o:p> </span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:right 498.95pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Je compte mener ma recherche en me concentrant sur la question plus prcise des possibilits dexpression des nouvelles techniques informatiques pour la philosophie, sans perdre de vue pourtant le cadre plus gnral dans lequel je la situe, celle de lenqute sur le rapport de la philosophie  ses procds discursifs, qui apparatra comme son arrire-fond.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:right 498.95pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Dans un premier temps, je dsire faire une enqute aussi exhaustive que possible sur les diverses modalits de la prsence actuelle de la philosophie sur ordinateur. Durant les semestres dhiver et dt 2000, jai dj confi  un auxiliaire de recherche le soin de maider  parcourir Internet dans le but de faire ce bilan et dentreprendre dj une classification et une analyse des formes sous lesquelles la pense philosophique apparat sur le Rseau, et jai poursuivi cette exploration depuis lors. La philosophie est prsente galement ailleurs, comme sur des cdroms. Jusqu prsent, quoique jaie repr des manifestations intressantes de rapports plus ou moins directs de la philosophie avec lordinateur, je nai encore trouv aucun usage trs labor de ses moyens expressifs</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">[25]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:right 498.95pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">En un second temps, il sagira de chercher  recenser les divers dispositifs de reprsentation existants, tant sur Internet que dans les divers logiciels informatiques et dans les recherches sur le sujet, notamment dans les techniques de reprsentation des connaissances, dans les mthodes denseignement sur ordinateur, ou dans les diverses interfaces pour les utilisateurs. Cette recension sera dailleurs dj amorce paralllement  la premire.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent"><span lang="FR">Durant la troisime tape, qui devrait mobiliser lessentiel des efforts, il sagira, profitant des rsultats des enqutes prcdentes, danalyser en fonction de leurs capacits reprsentatives pour la pense les divers procds dexpression disponibles, et den faire la critique.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:right 498.95pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">La quatrime tape, qui chevauchera la troisime, consistera  inventer divers dispositifs plus complexes dexpression philosophique.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops:right 498.95pt"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Enfin, il sagira de soumettre  une analyse critique les rsultats de cette troisime tape, afin de voir dans quelle mesure il est possible dune part de trouver des rgles gnrales concernant lexpression de la pense sur ordinateur, et dautre part de crer certains types de langages, dont on puisse dfinir les proprits expressives par rapport  divers modes de penser.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Comme je lindique dans la justification du budget, jaimerais que des auxiliaires de recherche puissent participer  cette recherche. Leur participation sera utile  toutes les tapes pour la recherche elle-mme, et  toutes les tapes galement llment de formation  la recherche est important pour les tudiants qui y contribueront.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Les rsultats de cette recherche seront multiples. Premirement, celle-ci permettra de constituer sur Internet un rpertoire des diverses sortes de contributions  la philosophie sur ordinateur. Deuximement, elle rassemblera les lments pour la cration de langages pour la philosophie sur ordinateur. Troisimement, elle apportera les principes dune critique de lutilisation des ordinateurs en ce qui concerne leur rapport  la pense,  son dveloppement et  son expression. Quatrimement, elle aboutira  des essais concrets dexpression philosophique sur ordinateur. Cinquimement, elle apportera une contribution  la question gnrale des rapports entre la pense et ses modes dexpression concrets.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always"> </span></b> <h3><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">Rfrences bibliographiques<o:p> </o:p> </span></h3> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="adorno"></a><a name="_Ref494452810"><span style="mso-bookmark:adorno"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language:DE;font-style:normal">1.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:DE;font-style:normal">Adorno</span></span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: DE; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452810">, T.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452810"><i>Jargon der Eigentlichkeit; Zur deutschen Ideologie</i>,</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452810"> Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1964.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref490708626"><span style="mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal">2.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Anis, J. &amp; Lebrave, J.L. (ds.),&nbsp;</span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490708626">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bookmark: _Ref490708626"><i>Texte et ordinateur : les mutations du lire-crire</i></span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490708626">, Paris X-Nanterre, CRL, 1991-1993</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><a name="bordron"></a><a name="_Ref490708035"><span style="mso-bookmark:bordron"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">3.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:black; mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Anis, J.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bookmark: bordron"><i>Texte et ordinateur, l'criture rinvente ?</i> </span><span style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: bordron">Paris, Bruxelles, De Boeck Universit, 1998.</span><span style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: bordron"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:bordron"><a name="_Ref490708852"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">4.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;color:black;font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Bolter, J.,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</span><i>Writing Space. The Computer, Hypertext and the History of Writing</i></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref490708852"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black; font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">, Hillsdale, Lawrence Elbaum, 1991</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:bordron"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">5.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal">Bordron</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal">, J.-F.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Descartes; Recherches s</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>ur les contraintes smiotiques de la pense discursive</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, PUF, 1986.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="boss1"></a><a name="_Ref494453697"><span style="mso-bookmark:boss1"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">6.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453697">.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453697">&nbsp;La langue des philosophes&nbsp;</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453697">, <i>Revue de Thologie et de Philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453697"> v.&nbsp;110, no&nbsp;3, Lausanne, 1978.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="boss2"></a><a name="_Ref493324355"></a><a name="_Ref490236932"><span style="mso-bookmark: boss2"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">7.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: boss2"><i>Les machines  penser, lhomme et lordinateur</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: boss2">,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: boss2"> Zurich, Grand Midi, 1987.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark: boss2"><a name="_Ref516483453"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">8.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref516483453"><i>Quest-ce que la philosophie&nbsp;?</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref516483453"> <a href="http://www.vif.com/users/gboss/">http://www.vif.com/users/gboss/</a>, Qubec, 1990-2000</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref516483453">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal"> <o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark: boss2"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">9.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493324355">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493324355">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;L'idal humain chez Spinoza&nbsp;,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref493324355"> <i>La Etica de Spinoza. Fundamentos y Significado</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493324355"> d. A. Domnguez, Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 1992.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="boss3"></a><a name="_Ref494453764"><span style="mso-bookmark:boss3"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">10.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453764">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453764">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;Le songe d'une potique philosophique; les rves de Descartes&nbsp;,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453764"> <i>Dialectica</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453764"> v.&nbsp;47, no&nbsp;2-3, Bienne, 1993.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="boss4"></a><a name="_Ref431816851"><span style="mso-bookmark:boss4"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">11.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref431816851">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;Contradiction et diffrence des philosophies&nbsp;,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref431816851"> <i>La Philosophie et son Histoire</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref431816851"> Grand Midi, Zurich, 1994. (Cf. galement la discussion de ce texte, dans le mme ouvrage.)</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="boss5"></a><a name="_Ref494453791"><span style="mso-bookmark:boss5"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">12.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453791">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;Discours et mthode&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453791"><i>Archives de Philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453791"> Paris, 1996.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref395501724"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">13.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref395501724">&nbsp;Descartes et lenseignement de la philosophie&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref395501724"><i>LEnseignement Philosophique</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref395501724">, vol. 47, no 3, Arras, 1997.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref426710019"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">14.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref426710019"><i>Jeux de concepts</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref426710019">, Zurich, Grand Midi, 1998-1999.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style: normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref431210893"></a><a name="_Ref462893935"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">15.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G., </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893">&nbsp;La figure de la philosophie, lidal de Descartes&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893"><i>tudes classiques</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893">, Namur, 2000.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><a name="_Ref490382174"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">16.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G. &amp; Longeart, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490382174">&nbsp;Reprsentation philosophique par rseau smantique variable&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref490382174"><i>Laval Thologique et Philosophique</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490382174">, v. 47, no 2, Qubec, 1991.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">17.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal">Boss, G. &amp; Longeart, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">&nbsp;A Critique of Taxonomical Approach in Structured Object Representation of Abstract Conceptual Systems&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Symbolic-Numeric Data Analysis and Learning</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">, eds. E.&nbsp;Diday, Y.&nbsp;Lechevallier, Nova Science Pub., New York, 1991.<o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">18.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal">Boss, G. &amp; Longeart, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">&nbsp;Hierarchical Networks for Knowledge Representation: An Evaluation&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Neural Networks</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">, ed. M.H. Hamza, ACTA Press, Zurich, 1991.<o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><a name="bosslongeart"></a><a name="_Ref490381981"><span style="mso-bookmark:bosslongeart"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">19.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G. </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref490381981">&amp; Longeart, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref490381981">&nbsp;Intelligence artificielle ou philosophie sur ordinateur&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref490381981"><i>Revue de Synthse</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref490381981"> Paris, 1993.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">20.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Boss, G. &amp; Longeart, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">&nbsp;Philosophie sur ordinateur ou intelligence artificielle&nbsp;, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893"><i>Dialogue</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893">, v.&nbsp;32, Trois-Rivires, 1993.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><a name="_Ref490382192"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">21.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Boss, G., Longeart, M. &amp; Skuce, D.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref490382192"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">&nbsp;Frame-based Representation of Philosophical Systems using a Knowledge Engineering Tool&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Computers and the Humanities</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">, v.&nbsp;27, London, 1993.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref431210893"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref431210893"><a name="_Ref494452833"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">22.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Bourdieu, P.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452833">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452833"><i>Lontologie politique de Martin Heidegger</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452833">, Paris, Minuit, 1988.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="brunner"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">23.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Brunner, F.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">&nbsp;Les mtaphores de l'manation sont-elles ornementales ou ncessaires?&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Philosophie et culture; Actes du XVIIIe Congrs Mondial de Philosophie (Montral, 1983)</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> t.&nbsp;V, Montral, 1988.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="cahn2"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">24.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Cahn, A.,</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal"> </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Un autre Descartes; Le philosophe et son langage</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, Vrin, 1980.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="campion"></a><a name="_Ref494453285"><span style="mso-bookmark:campion"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">25.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Campion, P.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453285">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453285"><i>Mallarm&nbsp;; Posie et philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453285"> Paris, PUF, 1994</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453285">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="cossutta"></a><a name="_Ref426711914"><span style="mso-bookmark:cossutta"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">26.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Cossutta, F. (d.),&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: cossutta"><i>Descartes et largumentation philosophique</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: cossutta"> Paris, PUF, 1996.</span><a name="dascal"></a><a name="curley"></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: cossutta"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:dascal"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">27.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Dascal, M</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>La smiologie de Leibniz</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, Aubier, 1978.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="derrida"></a><a name="_Ref494452910"><span style="mso-bookmark:derrida"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">28.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Derrida, J.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452910">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452910"><i>perons; Les styles de Nietzsche</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452910"> Paris, Flammarion, 1978.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref426710938"></a><a name="_Ref431817070"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">29.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Descartes, R.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Index des Regulae ad directionem ingenii</i>,</span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref426710938"> Rome, Edizioni dellAteneo, 1976.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">30.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Descartes, R.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Index du Discours de la Mthode</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> Rome, Edizioni dellAteneo, 1977.<o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">31.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Descartes, R.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Concordance to Descartes Meditationes de Prima philosophia</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">, Hildesheim-Zrich, New York, Olms-Weidmann, 1995.<o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">32.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Descartes, R.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Index des Meditationes de prima philosophia</i></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref426710938">, Besanon, 1996.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><a name="_Ref490236687"></a><a name="_Ref431817099"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref490236687"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">33.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Descartes, R.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref490236687"><i>Indice dei Principia Philosophiae di Ren Descartes</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref490236687">, Firenze, 1996.<o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref490236687"><a name="_Ref494195978"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">34.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Deschnes, J.-G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195978"><i>Le concept de fondement ou les confessions dun hypocrite&nbsp;; Rflexions  la manire de Kierkegaard  partir du </i></span><i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195978">Concept dangoisse</span></i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195978">, Zurich, Qubec, Grand Midi, 1999.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Ref490236687"><a name="_Ref494453511"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">35.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Descombes, V.,&nbsp;</span></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453511" lang="FR">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453511"><i>La denre mentale</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494453511">, Paris, Minuit, 1995.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref426710938"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref426710938"><a name="_Ref493322364"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">36.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Eltchaninoff, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref493322364"><i>Dostoevski&nbsp;; Roman et philosophie</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493322364">Paris, PUF., 1998.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref429756770"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">37.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Galay, J.-L.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref429756770"><i>Philosophie et invention textuelle : essai sur la potique d'un texte kantien</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref429756770">, Paris, Klincksieck, 1977.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">38.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Gochet P.,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Gribomont, P.,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i>Logique. Mthodes pour l'informatique fondamentale</i>. </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Paris, Hermes, 1990.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1; font-variant: small-caps">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">39.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Gochet P.,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Gribomont, P.,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i>Logique. Mthodes formelles pour l'tude des programmes</i>. Volume 2. Collection langue, raisonnement, calcul,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> Paris, Herms, 1994<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="granger"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">40.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Granger, G.G.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><i>Essai d'une philosophie du style</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, Odile Jacob, 1988.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="gueroult"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">41.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Gueroult, M.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><i>Descartes selon lordre des raisons</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1953.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="hadot"></a><a name="_Ref490237379"><span style="mso-bookmark:hadot"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">42.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Gueroult, M.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: hadot"><i>Spinoza</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: hadot"> 2 vol., Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1961-1974.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:hadot"><a name="_Ref493321925"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal">43.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Hadot, p.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref493321925"><i>Quest-ce que la philosophie antique&nbsp;?</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493321925"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref493321925">Paris, Gallimard, 1995.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="hintikka"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">44.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Hintikka,</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style:normal"> J.,&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;Cogito, ergo sum, Inference or Performance?&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>The Philosophical Review</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"> v.&nbsp;71, Ithaca, 1962.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="kofman"></a><a name="_Ref494452934"><span style="mso-bookmark:kofman"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">45.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Kofman, S.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452934">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452934"><i>Nietzsche et la mtaphore</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452934"> Paris, Galile, 1983.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="_Ref490384278"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">46.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Lvy, P.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490384278">L</span></i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref490384278"><i>'intelligence collective : pour une anthropologie du cyberspace</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490384278">Paris, La Dcouverte, 1997.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">47.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Leyenberger, G.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">&nbsp;Mtaphore, fiction et vrit chez Descartes&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Littrature</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">, no 109, Paris, 1998.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="macherey"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">48.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Macherey, P</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><i>A quoi pense la littrature? Exercices de philosophie littraire</i>.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, PUF, 1990.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="moreau"></a><a name="_Ref490237402"><span style="mso-bookmark:moreau"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">49.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Macherey, P.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: moreau"><i>Introduction  lthique de Spinoza</i></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: moreau">, 5 vol.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: moreau"> Paris, PUF, 1994-1998.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:moreau"><a name="_Ref490381946"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal">50.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Mineau, W.G., Moulin, B., Sowa, J.F., ds.,</span><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><i>Conceptual Graphs for Knowledge Representation</i></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref490381946"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Berlin, Springer Verlag, 1993</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><span style="mso-bookmark:moreau"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">51.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Moreau, P.-F.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal">&nbsp;Politiques du langage&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Revue Philosophique de la France et de l'tranger</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> v.&nbsp;175, no&nbsp;2, Paris, PUF, 1985.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="nador"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">52.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Nador, G.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">&nbsp;Mtaphores de chemins et de labyrinthes chez Descartes&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Revue Internationale de Philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"> no&nbsp;152, Paris, 1962.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="nancy"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">53.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Nancy, J.-L.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><i>Ego sum</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> Paris, Aubier-Flammarion, 1979.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="pariente"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">54.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Pariente, J.-C.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">&nbsp;Problmes logiques du cogito&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Le Discours et sa Mthode</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> d. N. Grimaldi, J.-L. Marion, Paris, PUF, 1987.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="parkinson"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">55.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Parkinson, G.H.R.</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">&nbsp;Language and knowledge in Spinoza&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Inquiry</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"> v.&nbsp;12, Oslo, 1969.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="romanowski"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">56.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Romanowski, S.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><i>L'illusion chez Descartes; La structure du discours cartsien</i>.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">Paris, Klincksieck, 1974.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="savan"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">57.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Savan, D.</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">Spinoza and language&nbsp;, </span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>The Philosophical Review</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style: normal"> v.&nbsp;67, Ithaca, 1958.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="searle"></a><a name="_Ref494453183"><span style="mso-bookmark:searle"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">58.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Searle, J.R., Vanderveken, D.</span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark:_Ref494453183"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Foundations of Illocutionary Logic</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1"><a name="solere"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">59.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Solre, J.-L.</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">&nbsp;Peinture et philosophie: deux exemples d'homologie entre espace pictural et structure mtaphysique&nbsp;, </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR"><i>Philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal"> no&nbsp;30, Paris, Minuit, 1991.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><a name="strauss"></a><a name="souriau"></a><a name="_Ref494452893"><span style="mso-bookmark: strauss"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR; font-style:normal">60.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Souriau, E.</span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: strauss">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: strauss"><i>Linstauration philosophique</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: strauss"> Paris, Alcan, 1939</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: strauss">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: strauss"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:strauss"><a name="_Ref494195935"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;font-style:normal">61.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-variant:small-caps; mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal">Staquet, A.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count: 1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195935"><i>La morale et ses fables&nbsp;; De lthique narrative  lthique de la souverainet</i>,</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195935"> Zurich, Qubec, Grand Midi, 2000</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bookmark: _Ref494195935">.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="mso-bookmark:strauss"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">62.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Strauss, L.</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>Persecution and the art of writing</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"> Glencoe, Ill., 1952. <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><a name="_Ref490367436"><span style="mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal">63.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;font-style:normal">Vandendorpe, C.,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bookmark: _Ref490367436"><i>Du papyrus  lhypertexte; Essai sur les mutations du texte et de la lecture</i></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490367436">,</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bookmark: _Ref490367436"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bookmark: _Ref490367436">Montral-Paris, Boral-La Dcouverte, 1999.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language:FR-CA;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><a name="vuillemin"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">64.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal">Vuillemin, J.</span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-variant: small-caps;font-style:normal">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><i>What are philosophical systems</i>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal"> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="margin-left:19.85pt;text-indent:-19.85pt; mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:35.4pt"><a name="waisman"></a><a name="_Ref494452864"><span style="mso-bookmark:waisman"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language:DE;font-style:normal">65.<span style="font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-variant:small-caps;mso-ansi-language:DE;font-style:normal">Waisman, F.</span></span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-variant: small-caps; mso-ansi-language: DE; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452864">,&nbsp;<span style="mso-tab-count:1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452864"><i>Logik, Sprache, Philosophie</i>,</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE; font-style: normal; mso-bookmark: _Ref494452864"> Stuttgart, Reclam, 1976.</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language:DE;font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <p class="Bibliographie" style="tab-stops:35.4pt"><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;font-style:normal">&nbsp;<o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <div style="mso-element:footnote-list">   <br clear="all">   <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">     <a href="#_ftnref*" title name="_ftn*"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-footnote-id: ftn1" lang="EN-GB">[*]</span></a><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-footnote-id: ftn1" lang="EN-GB" class="MsoFootnoteReference">     </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">Le texte ci-dessous est     le projet prsent au CRSH en 2001 pour la demande de subvention.</span>     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[1]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452810 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">1</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003800310030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">]. Cette forme de critique est     reprise galement dans louvrage de P. Bourdieu sur la philosophie de     Heidegger (voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452833 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">22</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003800330033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">]).<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[2]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452864 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">65</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003800360034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[3]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452893 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">60</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003800390033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[4]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple les travaux de J. Derrida [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element: field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452910 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">28</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003900310030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et de S. Kofman [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494452934 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">45</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350032003900330034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[5]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref429756770 \r \h </span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">37</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400320039003700350036003700370030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[6]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref493321925 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">43</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390033003300320031003900320035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[7]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir la tentative de J. Searle et D. Vandervecken pour formaliser les thories     des actes discursifs [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494453183 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">58</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003100380033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[8]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref490237402 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">49</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003200330037003400300032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">], et galement, par exemple,     dans un esprit semblable, [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'> REF _Ref494453285 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element: field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR">25</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003200380035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref493322364 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">36</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390033003300320032003300360034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[9]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref494195935 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">61<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003100390035003900330035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[10]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref494195978 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">34<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003100390035003900370038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[11]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490384278 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">46<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003300380034003200370038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[12]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple, pour Descartes, [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref431817070 \r \h </span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">29</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400330031003800310037003000370030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">]  [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref431817099 \r \h </span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">33</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400330031003800310037003000390039000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[13]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple, parmi cent autres, [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490236932 \r \h <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003200330036003900330032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et [<span style="mso-field-code:&quot;REF _Ref494453511 \\r \\p \\h&quot;">35<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003500310031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span>]. <o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[14]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir par exemple [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490708626 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003700300038003600320036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">], [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490708035 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003700300038003000330035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">], [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490708852 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003700300038003800350032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et particulirement [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490367436 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">63<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003300360037003400330036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[15]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Cest le cas par exemple des deux grands commentateurs franais de l<i>thique</i>,     Gueroult [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490237379 \r \h <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">42<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003200330037003300370039000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et Macherey [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490237402 \r \h <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">49<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003200330037003400300032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[16]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490382174 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">16<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003300380032003100370034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">]  [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref490382192 \r \h <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">21<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003300380032003100390032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">], et pour dautres     recherches parallles&nbsp;: [<span style="mso-field-code:&quot;REF _Ref490381946 \\r \\h&quot;">50<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390030003300380031003900340036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span>].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[17]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref426710019 \r \h </span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">14</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400320036003700310030003000310039000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[18]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494453697 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">6</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003600390037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[19]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref493324355 \r \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span style="mso-ansi-language: FR" lang="FR">9</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390033003300320034003300350035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[20]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494453764 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">10</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003700360034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[21]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref494453791 \r \p \h </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">12</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400390034003400350033003700390031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[22]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'> REF _Ref395501724 \r \h </span><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT </span><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">13</span><span lang="EN-GB"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003300390035003500300031003700320034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=EN-GB><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">] et [</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> REF _Ref462893935 \r \h <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span>\* MERGEFORMAT <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">15<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400360032003800390033003900330035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language: FR'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]-->     <span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[23]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [</span><span style="mso-field-code:&quot;REF _Ref431816851 \\r \\h &#01; \\* MERGEFORMAT&quot;" lang="EN-GB"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">11</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003400330031003800310036003800350031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn24">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn24" href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[24]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Voir [<span style="mso-field-code:&quot;REF _Ref516483453 \\r \\h&quot;">8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003500310036003400380033003400350033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]-->     </span>].<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div>   <div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn25">     <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn25" href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title><span style="mso-special-character: footnote; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt" lang="EN-GB">[25]</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language:FR">     Pour une bibliographie et des rfrences concernant la question plus prcise     du rapport entre la philosophie et lordinateur, on peut consulter la page     suivante: <a href="http://freeweb.econophone.ch/philord/philord.htm">http://freeweb.econophone.ch/philord/philord.htm</a>.<o:p>     </o:p>     </span></p>   </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> &nbsp;<!--msnavigation--></td></tr><!--msnavigation--></table><!--msnavigation--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td>  <div align="left">   <table border="2" width="100%" bgcolor="#C0C0C0">     <tr>       <td width="25%" align="center"><a href="index.htm"><font size="4">Sommaire</font></a><font size="4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</font></td>       <td width="25%" align="center"><a href="http://www.vif.com/users/gboss"><font size="4">Publications</font></a></td>       <td width="25%" align="center"><a href="cours.htm"><font size="4">Cours</font></a></td>       <td width="25%" align="center"><font size="4"><a href="recherche.htm">Recherche</a></font></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  </td></tr><!--msnavigation--></table></body>  </html> 
