<html>  <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"> <title>ord2.3 Premire gnration d'ordinateurs, le tube  vide</title> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0"> <meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../zaq.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../zaqord.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../barngau.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../barndro.css"> <style> <!-- TD#edi2 { background-color: #d8e8ff; } TD#edi2n2 { background-color: #99ccff; } TD#a2n3 { background-color: #99ccff; } TD#a2p3 { background-color: #d8e8ff; } --> </style> </head>  <body leftmargin="0" topmargin="0">  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">     <tr>              <!-- - - - Barre de navigation haut - - - -->       <td colspan="11"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/bnhaut.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">     <tr>       <td rowspan="2"><a name="#haut"></a><img border="0" src="../../i/zaqdid.gif" width="223" height="62"></td>       <td align="right" width="100%" rowspan="2"></td>       <td rowspan="2"><img src="../../profil/im/prodid.gif" width="50" height="58"></td>       <td rowspan="2"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="10" height="1"></td>       <td class="bnhautd">&nbsp;&nbsp;Ordinateur&nbsp;</td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td align="right" nowrap><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="34">       <img border="0" src="../../i/zaqdid5.gif" width="20" height="19"></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="58323" -->        </td>     </tr>     <tr>              <!-- - - - Nova - - - -->       <td colspan="5" class="bandhaut"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/nova.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" valign="middle">     <tr>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="20"></td>       <td><map name="FPMap0_I2">         <area href="../../default.htm" shape="rect" coords="1, 1, 28, 13" alt="Accueil">         <area href="../ord99/rechercher.htm" shape="rect" coords="30, 1, 48, 13" alt="Rechercher sur Ordinateur">         <area href="../ord99/sommaire.htm" shape="rect" coords="50, 1, 68, 13" alt="Sommaire de Ordinateur">         <area href="../ord99/99utilitaires.htm" shape="rect" coords="70, 1, 86, 13" alt="Utilitaires de Ordinateur">         <area href="../../profil/pro4/4abreviations.htm" shape="rect" coords="88, 1, 107, 13" alt="Abrviations Zaq"></map>         <img border="0" src="../../i/nova.gif" usemap="#FPMap0_I2" width="108" height="14"></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="29150" -->        </td>       <td colspan="6" class="bandhaut"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/novad.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" valign="middle">     <tr>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="20"></td>       <td class="novad">Ordinateur : matriel et logiciel</td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="33331" -->        </td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td colspan="11" class="filethaut">       <img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td class="pilo1"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="5" height="1"></td>              <!-- - - - Barre de navigation gauche c2 - - - -->       <td class="bngauf" valign="top"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/bngau.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">     <tr>       <td rowspan="3"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="40"></td>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="143" height="1"></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td class="titgau" align="center" valign="middle">Ordinateur</td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  <table class="ngau" cellspacing="0"> <tr> 	<td id="edi1">     <a href="../ord1/1cailloux.htm">     Cailloux</a>, 	<a href="../ord1/boulier.htm">boulier</a>,     <a href="../ord1/regle.htm">rgle  calcul</a>,     <a href="../ord1/macadd.htm">machine  additionner</a>, 	 <a href="../ord1/adocar.htm">carte perfore</a></td> <td id="edi1n1"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;1</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi2">     <a href="2ord-ele.htm">     Ordinateur lectromcanique</a>,     <a href="pregen.htm">tube  vide</a>,     <a href="inv-trans.htm">transistor</a>, 	 <a href="inv-cirint.htm">circuits intgrs</a></td> <td id="edi2n2"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;2</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi3">     <a href="../ord3/3ere-pers.htm">     Personalisation</a>, 	<a href="../ord3/pre-succes.htm">succs commercial</a>,     <a href="../ord3/champion.htm">champion</a>,     <a href="../ord3/effond.htm">effondrement</a>, 	 <a href="../ord3/lemac.htm">mac</a></td> <td id="edi3n3"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;3</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi4">     <a href="../ord4/4micro-ordi.htm">     Micro devient ordi</a>, 	<a href="../ord4/dos.htm">dos</a>,     <a href="../ord4/windows.htm">windows</a>,     <a href="../ord4/multimedia.htm">multimedia</a>, 	 <a href="../ord4/autoroute.htm">autoroute lectronique</a></td> <td id="edi4n4"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;4</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi5">     <a href="../ord5/5monde.htm">     Monde illimit</a></td> <td id="edi5n5"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;5</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi6">     <a href="../ord6/6une-choregr.htm">     Chorgraphie</a>, 	<a href="../ord6/stockage.htm">bit</a>,     <a href="../ord6/transistor.htm">transistor</a></td> <td id="edi6n6"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;6</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi7">     <a href="../ord7/7mot-bin.htm">     Mot binaire</a>, 	<a href="../ord7/capac-mem.htm">capacit mmoire</a>,     <a href="../ord7/ascii.htm">ASCII</a></td> <td id="edi7n7"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;7</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi8">     <a href="../ord8/8numerot.htm">     Numrotation</a>, 	<a href="../ord8/add-bin.htm">addition binaire</a>, 	 <a href="../ord8/add-ten.htm">addition avec les tensions</a></td> <td id="edi8n8"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;8</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi9">     <a href="../ord9/9porte-log.htm">     Porte logique</a>, 	<a href="../ord9/porte-et.htm">ET</a>,     <a href="../ord9/porte-ou.htm">OU</a>,     <a href="../ord9/porte-non.htm">NON</a>, 	 <a href="../ord9/constr-porte.htm">construction d'une porte</a></td> <td id="edi9n9"><span class="pagingau">&nbsp;&nbsp;9</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi10">     <a href="../ord10/10comment.htm">     Comment le courant additionne</a>, 	 <a href="../ord10/etablis.htm">oprateurs</a></td> <td id="edi10n10"><span class="pagingau">10</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi11">     <a href="../ord11/11pc.htm">     PC</a>, 	<a href="../ord11/unit-cent.htm">unit centrale</a>,     <a href="../ord11/bus.htm">bus</a>, 	 <a href="../ord11/processeur.htm">processeur</a></td> <td id="edi11n11"><span class="pagingau">11</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi12">     <a href="../ord12/12memoire.htm">     Mmoire</a>, 	<a href="../ord12/dispo.htm">octet</a>,     <a href="../ord12/puce.htm">puce</a>, 	 <a href="../ord12/defrag.htm">dfragmentation</a></td> <td id="edi12n12"><span class="pagingau">12</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi13">     <a href="../ord13/13disque.htm">     Disque</a>, 	<a href="../ord13/initial.htm">initialisation</a>,     <a href="../ord13/defrag.htm">dfragmentation</a>, 	 <a href="../ord13/comprim.htm">compression</a></td> <td id="edi13n13"><span class="pagingau">13</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi14">     <a href="../ord14/14magne-lum.htm">     Du magntisme  la lumire</a>, 	<a href="../ord14/fonct-lec.htm">lecteur optique</a>, 	 <a href="../ord14/tech-spec.htm">technologie spectrale</a></td> <td id="edi14n14"><span class="pagingau">14</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi15">     <a href="../ord15/15periph.htm">     Autres priphriques</a>, 	<a href="../ord15/clavier.htm">clavier</a>,     <a href="../ord15/souris.htm">souris</a>, 	 <a href="../ord15/moniteur.htm">moniteur</a>, 	 <a href="../ord15/taille-pt.htm">point</a>, 	 <a href="../ord15/type-res.htm">rsolution</a>, 	 <a href="../ord15/mise.htm">pixel</a>, 	 <a href="../ord15/profond.htm">couleur</a></td> <td id="edi15n15"><span class="pagingau">15</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi98">     <a href="../ord98/98solutions.htm">     Solutions de Ordinateur</a></td> <td id="edi98n98"><span class="pagingau">98</span></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="edi99">     <a href="../ord99/99utilitaires.htm">     Utilitaires de Ordinateur</a></td> 	<td id="edi99n99"><span class="pagingau">99</span></td> </tr> </table> <p class="martop"></p>  <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="13059" -->        </td>        <td class="pilo3"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="5" height="1"></td>       <td class="pilo4"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>       <td class="pilo5"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="15" height="1"></td>              <!-- - - - Corps du texte (dbut) c6 - - - -->       <td valign="top" width="100%">         <div align="left">   		   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#ffffff">        <!-- - - - Pagination (corps tage 1) - - - -->     	     <tr>       		    <td>                  <div align="left">                   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">                     <tr>                       <td align="left" width="100%">&nbsp;</td>       		            <td><a href="preordele.htm"><img border="0" src="../../i/pagpre.gif" width="13" height="13"></a></td>       		            <td align="right" valign="middle" class="pagin">&nbsp;2.3&nbsp;</td>     		            <td><a href="ordcom.htm"><img border="0" src="../../i/pagsui.gif" width="13" height="13"></a></td>                     </tr>                   </table>                  </div>     		    </td>     		  </tr>              <!-- - - - TROU NOIR (origine) (tage 2) - - - -->      	     <tr>       		    <td> 					<div>  <h2>Premire gnration d'ordinateurs, le tube  vide</h2> <p>C'est en 1946 qu'apparat le premier ordinateur lectronique universel de grande puissance  tre rellement mis en service.</p>  <p>L'Eniac est conu par l'quipe de Mauchly et Eckert  titre de projet secret de guerre,  la suite d'une commande de l'arme amricaine. Bas sur le systme dcimal, il est compos de 17 468 tubes  vide et pse 30 tonnes. Il mesure 18 pieds de haut par 80 pieds de long. Il est 300 fois plus rapide que tout autre ordinateur  cette poque.</p>  <p>Le tube  vide dont l'invention remonte  1906 a un fonctionnement relativement simple.</p>  <p>Malgr les gains significatifs apports par cette technologie, on a tt fait de constater ses nombreux inconvnients. On raconte que dans la salle de l'Eniac, la temprature peut atteindre 50 degrs Celsius!</p>  <p>Les tubes  vide sont gros, consomment normment de courant, gnrent beaucoup de chaleur et brlent rapidement.</p>  <p>Par la suite, la rvolution informatique amorce un tournant qui va marquer son histoire, avec la vulgarisation des principes de base en construction d'ordinateurs et la perce dans les proprits atomiques des semi-conducteurs.</p>  <p class="marbot2">Le mathmaticien mrite John von Neumann rdige un document, inspir dit-on des travaux d'autres savants, o il suggre deux lments essentiels qui deviendront la philosophie de base en construction d'ordinateurs (1945).</p> <ul class="ls">   <li>L'emploi du systme binaire.</li>   <li>Le stockage interne des instructions et des donnes.</li> </ul>  <p>Les composants lectroniques reposant sur deux tats, cette ide s'avre primordiale pour la construction d'ordinateurs.</p>  <p>Le stockage interne amliore grandement la vitesse ainsi que la conception mme de l'ordinateur.</p>  					</div> 				 </td>     		  </tr>       <!-- - - - TROU NOIR (fin) - - - -->            		  <tr>       		    <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="10"></td>     		  </tr>        <!-- - - - Pagination (tage 4) - - - -->     		  <tr>       		    <td>                  <div align="left">                   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">                     <tr>                       <td align="left" width="100%"><a href="#haut"><img border="0" src="../../i/paghaut.gif" width="14" height="12" alt="Haut"></a></td>       		            <td><a href="preordele.htm"><img border="0" src="../../i/pagpre.gif" width="13" height="13"></a></td>       		            <td align="right" valign="middle" class="pagin">&nbsp;2.3&nbsp;</td>     		            <td><a href="ordcom.htm"><img border="0" src="../../i/pagsui.gif" width="13" height="13"></a></td>                     </tr>                   </table>                  </div>     		    </td>     		  </tr>     		       		  <tr>       		    <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="300" height="20"></td>     		  </tr>        <!-- - - - Signature (tage 6) - - - -->     		  <tr>       		    <td align="center"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/signat.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="center">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">     <tr>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/pxgris.gif" width="270" height="1"></td>     </tr>       <tr>         <td class="signat"> 2003&nbsp;<a href="../../default.htm">zabaque.net</a> Tous droits 		rservs.&nbsp; 		<a href="#haut"><img border="0" src="../../i/pfhn.gif" width="24" height="13" alt="Haut"></a></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="10"></td>       </tr>   </table> </div>  <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="45061" -->                  </td>     		  </tr>   		   </table> 	    </div>       </td>     		         <!-- - - - Corps du texte (fin) c6 - - - -->        <!-- - - - c7 - - - -->       <td class="pilo5"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="5" height="1"></td>        <td class="pilo8"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>       <td class="pilo5"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="2" height="1"></td>        <!-- - - - Barre de navigation droite c10 - - - -->       <td class="bndrof" valign="top"><!--webbot bot="Include" U-Include="../_private/bndro2.htm" TAG="BODY" startspan -->  <div align="left">   <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">     <tr>       <td rowspan="3"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="40"></td>       <td><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="143" height="1"></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td class="titdro" align="center" valign="middle">Astuce&nbsp;2</td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  <table class="ndro" cellspacing="0"> <tr> 	<td id="a2n1"><span class="pagindro">1&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p1"><a href="2ord-ele.htm"> 	Ordinateur lectromcanique</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n2"><span class="pagindro">2&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p2"><a href="preordele.htm"> 	Premier ordinateur lectronique, non commercialis</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n3"><span class="pagindro">3&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td>    <td id="a2p3"><a href="pregen.htm">    Premire gnration d'ordinateurs, le tube  vide</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n4"><span class="pagindro">4&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p4"><a href="ordcom.htm"> 	Ordinateur commercial</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n5"><span class="pagindro">5&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p5"><a href="inv-trans.htm"> 	Invention du transistor</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n6"><span class="pagindro">6&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p6"><a href="deugen.htm"> 	Deuxime gnration d'ordinateurs, le transistor, 1958</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n7"><span class="pagindro">7&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p7"><a href="inv-cirint.htm"> 	Invention des circuits intgrs</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n8"><span class="pagindro">8&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p8"><a href="trogen.htm"> 	Troisime gnration d'ordinateurs, les circuits intgrs, 1964</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n9"><span class="pagindro">9&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></td> 	<td id="a2p9"><a href="defi.htm"> 	Dfi historique</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n10"><span class="pagindro">10</span></td> 	<td id="a2p10"><a href="versla.htm"> 	Vers la miniaturisation</a></td> </tr> <tr> 	<td id="a2n11"><span class="pagindro">11</span></td> 	<td id="a2p11"><a href="quagen.htm"> 	Quatrime gnration d'ordinateurs, les circuits intgrs  grande chelle, milieu 1970</a></td> </tr> </table>  <p class="martop"></p> <!--webbot bot="Include" endspan i-checksum="29706" -->        </td>        <!-- - - - c11 - - - -->       <td class="pilo11"><img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="1"></td>        <!-- - - - Banderole - - - -->     <tr>       <td colspan="11" class="bandbas">       <img border="0" src="../../i/1pxt.gif" width="1" height="12"></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>  </body> </html> 
